This paper presents the results from examination and determination of tropical species of Buccinidae from deep water, collected by several expeditions, mainly in the Indo-Pacific area. The material comprises 14 genera and the following new taxa are described : Calliloconcha knudseni (Kermadec Trench, 5480 m), Costaha crosnieri ( S W Indian Ocean, 1740 - 3760 m), Eosipho coriolis (Philippines, 880 m), Eosipho engonia ( SW Indian Ocean, 600 - 1 125 m), Eosipho thorybopus (Mozambique Channel, 400 - 500 m), Kapala bathybius (SE Atlantic, 3550 m), Manaria clandestina (SE Asia, 440-1 490 m), Manaria makassarensis ( S E Asia, 490 - 875 m), Manaria formosa (Mozambique Channel, 400 - 500 m). For the preparation of this paper we have examined material and/or types of almost all previously described deep sea species of tropical buccinids and these are figured and commented on. An appendix lists all Neogene and Recent supraspecific names of Buccinidae proposed after the publication of WENZ' " Handbuch der Palaozoologie " ( 1941 - 43 ).

BENTHEDI, CORINDON 2, MD20 (SAFARI), MD28 (SAFARI II), MD32 (REUNION), MUSORSTOM 1, MUSORSTOM 2, VAUBAN 1978-1979, Restreint

Benthic invertebrates at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps have attracted considerable attention regarding their spatiotemporal distributions, colonization pathways, geological origins and morphological, ecological and physiological adaptations. Here we first reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for vent and seep species in the gastropod subclass Neritimorpha based on combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. The resulting tree, in conjunction with anatomical and palaeontological evidence, indicates that neritimorph snails and limpets in the Cenozoic deep-sea chemosynthetic habitats belong to the monophyletic subfamily Shinkailepadinae (family Phenacolepadidae). Confamilial shallow-water species form its sister clade, the subfamily Phenacolepadinae. There were probably at least three independent shifts from the coiled snail with a functional operculum to the limpet form in the evolutionary history of the family, twice in the deep-sea Shinkailepadinae and once in the shallow-water Phenacolepadinae. Physiological and ecological characteristics including the presence of red blood cells and larval migration seem to have facilitated their early Cenozoic Colonization of vents and seeps. The type specimens of type species were investigated for most nominal genera to amend generic classification of this long-neglected family. A monotypic Divia gen. nov. is proposed for ‘Shinkailepas’ briandi; Shinkailepas and Thalassonerita pre-date Olgasolaris and Bathynerita, respectively;

KAVIENG 2014

Adeuomphalus Seguenza, 1876 is a little known genus among the skeneimorph vetigastropods, with very few specimens previously reported alive from the deep sea. We examined newly collected and museum-stored specimens from upper to lower bathyal depths in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific and Indian Oceans and recognize seven recent species in the genus: A. ammoniformis Seguenza, 1876, A. densicostatus (Jeffreys, 1884), A. trochanter Waren & Bouchet, 2001, A. sinuosus (Sykes, 1925) n. comb., A. guillei n. sp., A. elegans n. sp. and A. collinsi n. sp., along with a fossil species, A. bandeli (Schroder, 1995) from the Lower Cretaceous, Poland. These species are characterized by a minute and colourless shell with almost perfectly planispiral whorls, an orthocline aperture, distinct radial ribs and a deeply concave apex and base. At least three species are confirmed to be radula-less, while A. guillei n. sp. has a simplified (3 2 1 2 3) rhipidoglossate radula. Anatomical investigations of A. collinsi n. sp. and A. trochanter revealed the following traits: a monopectinate ctenidium, blunt and tapering cephalic tentacles with sensory papillae, a cylindrical snout, a simple right neck lobe, a large foot with the anterior corners drawn out into finger-like projections, a smooth ESO-tentacle and a single, micropapillate epipodial tentacle on each side of the foot; absence of pigmented eyes, eye lobes, cephalic lappets and subocular peduncles. Three species collected by submersibles in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents co-occurred with carnivorous sponges of the family Cladorhizidae; a parasitic mode of life is suggested based on the lack of the radula and the peculiar, tube-like shape of the snout. Separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (histone H3 and 18S rRNA) gene sequences revealed six monophyletic groups in Seguenzioidea: Seguenziidae, Chilodontidae, Calliotropidae, Cataegidae, Spinicalliotropis and skeneimorph seguenzioids. Three included skeneimorphs (A. elegans n. sp., Xyloskenea sp. and Ventsia tricarinata) were ambiguously grouped together with long branches and low statistical supports, possibly suggesting a vast, undiscovered phylogenetic diversity of the group. Taxonomic composition, morphological characteristics and evolutionary history are discussed for the skeneimorphs and five other groups in the superfamily.

BOA1, MD32 (REUNION), SALOMON 1, SANTO 2006

Here we report our direct observation in Papua New Guinea (PNG) of three estuarine species of neritid gastropods (Neritimorpha: Neritidae) that survived on driftwood in seawater for some extended period and were transported several kilometres to a fully marine shore. Furthermore, we found another species of typically estuarine Neritidae on sunken pieces of wood at depths of 105–135 m in Vanuatu, South Pacific. These supposedly non marine gastropods evidently have the potential to survive in fully marine conditions and to disperse as benthic adults and eggs. We suggest that driftwood from shallow-water environments, including estuaries, mangrove swamps and mudflats, might have an evolutionary significance for the establishment of the sunken-wood community and possibly other chemosynthetic faunas in the deep sea.

PAPUA NIUGINI, SANTO 2006

The gastropod superfamily Lepetelloidea represents an extremely diverse lineage in terms of their utilization of different deep-sea organic substrates that include sunken wood, leaves, whale and fish bones, egg cases of sharks and rays, annelid tubes and detrital cephalopod beaks among others. They also inhabit cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, thus presenting an interesting case for the evaluation of such organic substrates as ‘stepping stones’ into these chemosynthetically nourished environments. Here we show the first molecular phylogeny of the Pseudococculinidae, a primarily wood-dwelling family and the most speciose in Lepetelloidea. Special emphasis is placed on the genus Caymanabyssia, for which the only subfamily Caymanabyssiinae has been established, and a new species Caymanabyssia solis is described herein and compared with previously known taxa in order to reconsider the morphological characteristics of lepetelloids on wood. Bayesian and likelihood trees reconstructed using fourgene sequences reveal that Pseudococculinidae sensu auctt. is a polyphyletic taxon that is grouped by shared plesiomorphic conditions of characters including the radula, a digestive organ, the morphology of which is often governed strongly by diet and feeding ecology. The newly reinterpreted families Pseudococculinidae and Caymanabyssiidae represent reciprocal sister clades as a basal radiation in Lepetelloidea. Sunken wood might thus have served as an ancestral habitat from which species on other substrates and vent and seep taxa were derived.

SANTO 2006

The gastropod superfamily Lepetelloidea represents an extremely diverse lineage in terms of their utilization of different deep-sea organic substrates that include sunken wood, leaves, whale and fish bones, egg cases of sharks and rays, annelid tubes and detrital cephalopod beaks among others. They also inhabit cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, thus presenting an interesting case for the evaluation of such organic substrates as ‘stepping stones’ into these chemosynthetically nourished environments. Here we show the first molecular phylogeny of the Pseudococculinidae, a primarily wood-dwelling family and the most speciose in Lepetelloidea. Special emphasis is placed on the genus Caymanabyssia, for which the only subfamily Caymanabyssiinae has been established, and a new species Caymanabyssia solis is described herein and compared with previously known taxa in order to reconsider the morphological characteristics of lepetelloids on wood. Bayesian and likelihood trees reconstructed using fourgene sequences reveal that Pseudococculinidae sensu auctt. is a polyphyletic taxon that is grouped by shared plesiomorphic conditions of characters including the radula, a digestive organ, the morphology of which is often governed strongly by diet and feeding ecology. The newly reinterpreted families Pseudococculinidae and Caymanabyssiidae represent reciprocal sister clades as a basal radiation in Lepetelloidea. Sunken wood might thus have served as an ancestral habitat from which species on other substrates and vent and seep taxa were derived.

SANTO 2006

The BORDAU 1 cruise was carried out in the Fijian Archipelago from 22 February to 14 March 1999 on board of R.V. "Alis". A total of 118 samples were made by dredging and trawling in the upper bathyal zone and in the circalittoral depths of the islands and on the seamounts in the Lau Ridge. The upper part of the slope to 600 m consists of hard bottoms and deeper muddy bottoms with pumice. In some islands particularly isolated (Vanua Balavu, Yacata, Aiwa and Yagasa), the landsnails were sampled.

BORDAU 1

The classification of Tonnoidea is discussed based on new information about deep-sea species. Representative radular, opercula, and larval shells are described and figured. The conclusions agree mainly with earlier classification, with the following execptions:Oocorythinae is moved from Tonnoidea to Cassidae and its value as a subfamily is questioned. The gross anatomies of two Recent deep-water species of Pisanianura Rovereto, 1889, are described, and a new ranellid subfamily, Pisanianurinae, is described for Pisanianura Rovereto, 1889, formely classified in the Buccinidae. The genera Laminilabrum Kuroda & Habe, 1961, presently in the Trichotropidae, Kaiparanura Laws, 1944, and Nawenia Ladd, 1977, presently in the Buccinidae, are considered synonyms of Pisanianura, which is known in the fossil record since the Oligocene. A new family, Laubierinidae, is erected for Laubierina gen. nov. And Akinumia Kuroda & Habe, 1958 (formerly Trichotropidae) with three Recent deep-water species. Laubierina peregrinator gen. et sp. nov. is described from deep water in the tropical Atlantic and Indian oceans. Two large (5 mm) planktonic larvae belonging to the Laubierinidae are described and one of them is remarkable for being a sexually mature male at the time of settlement. All dissected adults are females and it is speculated that Laubierinidae is a protandrous hermaphrodite with neotenic males. The gross anatomies of L. peregrinator sp. nov. , A. orientalis (Schepman, 1909), and A. shepmani (Habe, 1962) are described. Akibumia reticulata Habe, 1962, is referred to Epitoniidae and Conradia minuta Golikov & Starobogatov, 1986 (described in Fossaridae) is considered a larva of Neptunellinae. Thalassocyon bonus Barnard, 1960, and T. tui Dell, 1967, are synonymized; their anatomies are briefly described and compared with that of Ficus and it is concluded that Thalassosyon has been correctly referred to the Ficidae. Attention is drawn to the fact that the morphology of the ficidae conforms poorly with other Tonnoidae. The value and use of larval shells as taxonomical criteria are discussed, and it is concluded that they are usefull criteria, as long as clear distinction is made betwenn "primary" (i. e., planktotrophic) and "secondary" (i.e., non-planktotrophic) types of larval shells and only "primary" ones are compared.

BENTHEDI, Restreint, BIOCAL

Restreint, BENTHEDI, Restreint, BIOCAL, Restreint, BIOGEOCAL, Restreint, Restreint, MUSORSTOM 6, Restreint

Zerotulidae fam. nov., is decribed and placed in the Littonoidea. The family includes the genera Zerotula Finlay, 1926 (formerly in Architectonicidae), Frovina Thiele, 1912 (synonymized with Prolacuna Thiele, 1913, both formerly in Naticidae); Trilirata Waren and Hain, gen. Nov, (type species Prolacuna trilirata Thiele, 1912, Antartic); and Dickdellia Warén & Hain gen. Nov. (type specoes Laevilitorina (Corneolitorina) labioflecta Dell, 1991, Antartic, bathyal). The following new species are described: Frovina angularis Warén & Hain (New Caledonia, bathyal), Zerotulaincognita Warén & Hain (North Atlantic, abyssal), Z. stellapolaris Warén & Hain (Antarctic), Z. coronata Warén & Hain (New Zealand, shelf), Trilirata sexcarinata Warén & Hain (Antarctic), T. triregis Warén & Hain (New Zealand, shelf), and T. herosae Warén & Hain (New Caledonia, bathyal). The anatomy is described for Frovina soror Thiele, 1912, F. indecora (Thiele, 1912), Zerotula stellapolaris, Trilirata macmurdensis (Hedley, 1911 ), T. sexcarinata, and D. labioflecta. Antitrichotropis wandelensis (Lamy, 1906) (former! Y in Capulidae, Neotaenioglossa) is transferred to Laevilitorininae (Littorinidae), based on examination of radula and external morphology of the headfoot. Lt is classified in Laevilitorina, subgenus Pellilacunella.

Restreint, BIOCAL

SANTO 2006

SANTO 2006

The assignment of species to the vetigastropod genus Solariella Wood, 1842, and therefore the family Solariellidae Powell, 1951, is complicated by the fact that the type species (Solariella maculata Wood, 1842) is a fossil described from the Upper Pliocene. Assignment of species to genera has proved difficult in the past, and the type genus has sometimes acted as a ‘wastebasket’ for species that cannot easily be referred to another genus. In the light of a new systematic framework provided by two recent publications presenting the first molecular phylogenetic data for the group, we reassess the shell characters that are most useful for delimiting genera. Shell characters were previously thought to be of limited taxonomic value above the species level, but this is far from the case. Although overall shell shape is not a reliable character, our work shows that shell characters, along with radular and anatomical characters, are useful for assigning species to genera. Sculpture of the early teleoconch (the region immediately following the protoconch) and the columella are particularly useful characters that have not been used regularly in the past to distinguish genera. However, even with the combination of all morphological characters used in this study (shell, radular and eye), a few species are still difficult to assign to genera and in such cases molecular systematic data are essential. In the present study, we discuss 13 genera—12 of which were recovered as well-supported clades in recent molecular systematic studies—and provide morphological characters to distinguish them. We describe several new taxa: Chonospeira n. gen. (referred to as ‘clade B’ in previous molecular systematic studies), Phragmomphalina n. gen. (Bathymophila in part in molecular systematic studies) and Phragmomphalina vilvensi n. sp. (type species of Phragmomphalina n. gen.). We synonymize Hazuregyra Shikama, 1962 with Minolia A. Adams, 1860, Minolia subangulata Kuroda & Habe, 1952 with Minolia punctata A. Adams, 1860 and M. gemmulata Kuroda & Habe, 1971 with M. shimajiriensis (MacNeil, 1960). We also present the following new combinations: Bathymophila bairdii (Dall, 1889), B. dawsoni (Marshall, 1979), B. regalis (Marshall, 1999), B. wanganellica (Marshall, 1999), B. ziczac (Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971), Chonospeira nuda (Dall, 1896), C. iridescens (Habe, 1961), C. ostreion (Vilvens, 2009), C. strobilos (Vilvens, 2009), Elaphriella corona (Lee & Wu, 2001), E. diplax (Marshall, 1999), E. meridiana (Marshall, 1999), E. olivaceostrigata (Schepman, 1908), E. opalina (Shikama & Hayashi, 1977), Ilanga norfolkensis (Marshall, 1999), I. ptykte (Vilvens, 2009), I. zaccaloides (Vilvens, 2009), Minolia shimajiriensis (MacNeil, 1960), M. watanabei (Shikama, 1962), Phragmomphalina alabida (Marshall, 1979), P. diadema (Marshall, 1999), P. tenuiseptum (Marshall, 1999), Spectamen euteium (Vilvens, 2009), S. basilicum (Marshall, 1999), S. exiguum (Marshall, 1999) and S. flavidum (Marshall, 1999).

EXBODI, KARUBENTHOS 2012, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2004

Recent expeditions have revealed high levels of biodiversity in the tropical deep-sea, yet little is known about the age or origin of this biodiversity, and large-scale molecular studies are still few in number. In this study, we had access to the largest number of solariellid gastropods ever collected for molecular studies, including many rare and unusual taxa. We used a Bayesian chronogram of these deep-sea gastropods (1) to test the hypothesis that deep-water communities arose onshore, (2) to determine whether Antarctica acted as a source of diversity for deep-water communities elsewhere and (3) to determine how factors like global climate change have affected evolution on the continental slope. We show that although fossil data suggest that solariellid gastropods likely arose in a shallow, tropical environment, interpretation of the molecular data is equivocal with respect to the origin of the group. On the other hand, the molecular data clearly show that Antarctic species sampled represent a recent invasion, rather than a relictual ancestral lineage. We also show that an abrupt period of global warming during the Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) leaves no molecular record of change in diversification rate in solariellids and that the group radiated before the PETM. Conversely, there is a substantial, although not significant increase in the rate of diversification of a major clade approximately 33.7Mya, coinciding with a period of global cooling at the EoceneOligocene transition. Increased nutrients made available by contemporaneous changes to erosion, ocean circulation, tectonic events and upwelling may explain increased diversification, suggesting that food availability may have been a factor limiting exploitation of deep-sea habitats. Tectonic events that shaped diversification in reef-associated taxa and deep-water squat lobsters in central Indo-West Pacific were also probably important in the evolution of solariellids during the Oligo-Miocene.

AURORA 2007, BENTHAUS, BERYX 11, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, BORDAU 1, CONCALIS, EBISCO, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 1, SALOMON 2, TAIWAN 2001, TARASOC, TERRASSES

Even though their occurrence was reported a long time ago, sunken wood ecosystems at the deep-sea floor have only recently received specific attention. Accumulations of wood fragments in the deep sea create niches for a diverse fauna, but the significance of the wood itself as a food source remains to be evaluated. Pectinodonta sp. is a patellogastropod that exclusively occurs on woody substrates, where individuals excavate deep depressions, and is thus a potential candidate for a wood-eating lifestyle. Several approaches were used on Pectinodonta sampled close to Tongoa island (Vanuatu) to investigate its dietary habits. Host carbon is most likely derived from the wood material based on stable isotopes analyses, and high cellulase activity was measured in the digestive mass. Electron microscopy and FISH revealed the occurrence of two distinct and dense bacterial communities, in the digestive gland and on the gill. Gland-associated 16S rRNA gene bacterial phylotypes, confirmed by in situ hybridization, included members of three divisions (Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes), and were moderately related (90-96% sequence identity) to polymer-degrading and denitrifying bacteria. Gill-associated phylotypes included representatives of the Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria. The possible involvement of these two bacterial communities in wood utilization by Pectinodonta sp. is discussed.

BOA0, BOA1, SANTO 2006