68 stations/gatherings
GUYANE 2014
Programs
Learn more ...
- Official site : La Planète Revisitée, Guyane 2014-2015
- Other site : Blog - Expédition hauturière / Guyane
General information
Heads of mission
Date and place of departure
26/07/2014Date and place of arrival
10/08/2014| Leg | Date of departure | Date of arrival | Departure | Arrival | Ship |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13/07/2014 | 17/08/2014 | Hermano Gines | |||
Goals :
Echantillonnage du benthos du plateau continental et de ses accores (30 à 800 mètres de profondeur) à bord du navire océanographique vénézuélien Hermano Gines.
"Guyane 2014" correspond au volet marin hauturier du programme "La Planète Revisitée" en Guyane, qui comprend aussi un volet marin côtier ("Iles du Salut") et un volet terrestre (Mitaraka).
Read moreWorks :
68 prélèvements au large jusqu’à 650 m de profondeur
Read moreThanks :
Nous tenons à remercier l’Europe via le Fonds Européen de Développement Economique et Régional (FEDER), le Fonds Shell, le Conseil Régional de la Guyane, la Direction de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du Logement de Guyane, le Conseil Général de la Guyane, le Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, ainsi que le Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES), l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), le Parc Amazonien de Guyane (PAG) et les Forces Armées (9ème Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine – RIMa) qui ont permis la réalisation de ce projet.
Bibliography (23) [+] [-]
Export the bibliographies
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Abdelkrim J., Aznar-cormano L., Fedosov A.E., Kantor Y.I., Lozouet P., Phuong M.A., Zaharias P. & Puillandre N. 2018. Exon-Capture-Based Phylogeny and Diversification of the Venomous Gastropods (Neogastropoda, Conoidea), in Vidal N.(Ed.), Molecular Biology and Evolution 35(10): 2355-2374. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msy144
Abstract [+] [-]Transcriptome-based exon capture methods provide an approach to recover several hundred markers from genomic DNA, allowing for robust phylogenetic estimation at deep timescales. We applied this method to a highly diverse group of venomous marine snails, Conoidea, for which published phylogenetic trees remain mostly unresolved for the deeper nodes. We targeted 850 protein coding genes (678,322 bp) in ca. 120 samples, spanning all (except one) known families of Conoidea and a broad selection of non-Conoidea neogastropods. The capture was successful for most samples, although capture efficiency decreased when DNA libraries were of insufficient quality and/or quantity (dried samples or low starting DNA concentration) and when targeting the most divergent lineages. An average of 75.4% of proteins was recovered, and the resulting tree, reconstructed using both supermatrix (IQ-tree) and supertree (Astral-II, combined with the Weighted Statistical Binning method) approaches, are almost fully supported. A reconstructed fossil-calibrated tree dates the origin of Conoidea to the Lower Cretaceous. We provide descriptions for two new families. The phylogeny revealed in this study provides a robust framework to reinterpret changes in Conoidea anatomy through time. Finally, we used the phylogeny to test the impact of the venom gland and radular type on diversification rates. Our analyses revealed that repeated losses of the venom gland had no effect on diversification rates, while families with a breadth of radula types showed increases in diversification rates, thus suggesting that trophic ecology may have an impact on the evolution of Conoidea.
Accessible surveys cited (23) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CEAMARC-AA, CONCALIS, Restricted, DongSha 2014, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, ILES DU SALUT, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MAINBAZA, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, Restricted, SALOMONBOA 3, TAIWAN 2013, TERRASSES, Restricted
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Chen C.L., Goy J.W., Bracken-grissom H.D., Felder D.L., Tsang L.M. & Chan T.Y. 2016. Phylogeny of Stenopodidea (Crustacea : Decapoda) shrimps inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes reveals non-monophyly of the families Spongicolidae and Stenopididae and most of their composite genera. Invertebrate Systematics 30(5): 479-490. DOI:10.1071/IS16024
Abstract [+] [-]The infraorder Stenopodidea is a relatively small group of marine decapod crustaceans including the well known cleaner shrimps, but their higher taxonomy has been rather controversial. This study provides the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of Stenopodidea using sequence data from two mitochondrial (16S and 12S rRNA) and two nuclear (histone H3 and sodium–potassium ATPase a-subunit (NaK)) genes. We included all 12 nominal genera from the three stenopodidean families in order to test the proposed evolutionary hypothesis and taxonomic scheme of the group. The inferred phylogeny did not support the familial ranking of Macromaxillocarididae and rejected the reciprocal monophyly of Spongicolidae and Stenopididae. The genera Stenopus, Richardina, Spongiocaris, Odontozona, Spongicola and Spongicoloides are showed to be poly- or paraphyletic, with monophyly of only the latter three genera strongly rejected in the analysis. The present results only strongly support the monophyly of Microprosthema and suggest that Paraspongiola should be synonymised with Spongicola. The three remaining genera, Engystenopus, Juxtastenopus and Globospongicola, may need to be expanded to include species from other genera if their statuses are maintained. All findings suggest that the morphological characters currently adopted to define genera are mostly invalid and substantial taxonomic revisions are required. As the intergeneric relationships were largely unresolved in the present attempt, the hypothesis of evolution of deep-sea sponge-associated taxa from shallow-water free-living species could not be verified here. The present molecular phylogeny, nevertheless, provides some support that stenopoididean shrimps colonised the deep sea in multiple circumstances.
Accessible surveys cited (14) [+] [-]BIOPAPUA, BORDAU 2, EBISCO, GUYANE 2014, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, MUSORSTOM 9, NORFOLK 2, Restricted, PALEO-SURPRISE, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, Restricted
Associated collection codes: IU (Crustaceans) -
Cunha T.J., Lemer S., Bouchet P., Kano Y. & Giribet G. 2019. Putting keyhole limpets on the map: phylogeny and biogeography of the globally distributed marine family Fissurellidae (Vetigastropoda, Mollusca). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 249-269. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.008
Abstract [+] [-]Fissurellidae are marine gastropods with a worldwide distribution and a rich fossil record. We integrate molecular, geographical and fossil data to reconstruct the fissurellid phylogeny, estimate divergence times and investigate historical routes of oceanic dispersal. With five molecular markers for 143 terminals representing 27 genera, we resolve deep nodes and find that many genera (e.g., Emarginula, Diodora, Fissurella) are not monophyletic and need systematic revision. Several genera classified as Emarginulinae are recovered in Zeidorinae. Future work should prioritize emarginuline genera to improve understanding of ancestral traits and the early evolution of fissurellids. Tree calibration with the fossilized birth-death model indicates that crown fissurellids originated around 175 Ma, and generally resulted in younger ages for the earliest nodes than the node dating approach. Model-based biogeographic reconstruction, supported by fossils, infers an Indo-West Pacific origin, with a westward colonization of new oceans via the Tethys Seaway upon the breakup of Pangea. Western Atlantic clades then served as source for dispersal towards other parts of the globe. As the sister group to all other fissurellids, Rimula is ranked in its own subfamily, Rimulinae stat. nov. New synonyms: Hemitominae syn. nov. of Zeidorinae stat. nov.; Cranopsis syn. nov. of Puncturella; Variegemarginula syn. nov. of Montfortula.
Accessible surveys cited (13) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, CEAMARC-AA, CONCALIS, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, TARASOC
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Fallo P.J.J. 2016. Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species. Zootaxa 4090(1): 1-363. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1
Abstract [+] [-]A review of the literature and examination of over 3,200 specimens of shallow water (<200 m) tropical western Atlantic (TWA) Drilliidae Olson, 1964 in museum and private collections has resulted in the recognition of numerous previously undescribed species, 100 of which are proposed here for the first time. A total of 65 names were found in the literature. Of these, 48 are considered valid, 16 synonyms, and one nomen dubium. In addition, characteristics that distinguish each genus currently in use for TWA shallow water species have indicated the need for reassignment (new combinations within Drilliidae) of 15 species. Some nomenclatural actions have come about from the literature review and include one taxon placed in junior synonymy (under an older name recently re-discovered) and one new name for a junior homonym. Two neotypes, five lectotype designations, and one new name are also proposed. Altogether, nomenclatural actions on 17% of valid previously described taxa are proposed. The 100 proposed names are placed in 12 available and one new genus: Agladrillia Woodring, 1928 (2), Bellaspira Conrad, 1868 (7), Calliclava McLean, 1971 (3), Cerodrillia Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 (11), Clathrodrillia Dall, 1918 (6), Decoradrillia, new genus (4), Douglassia Bartsch, 1934 (4), Fenimorea Bartsch, 1934 (15), Leptadrillia Woodring, 1928 (12), Lissodrillia Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 (8), Neodrillia Bartsch, 1943 (2), Splendrillia Hedley, 1922 (13), and Syntomodrillia Woodring, 1928 (13). These are the first reports of Calliclava in the western Atlantic, previously known only from the eastern Pacific. The new genus, Decoradrillia, is proposed to hold four new species and one existing that share a unique shell microsculpture and other morphological traits. One genus, Drillia Gray, 1838, is not currently believed to have TWA representatives. Three genera comprised exclusively of bathyal species are not treated in this work: Clavus Monfort, 1810 (=Eldridgea Bartsch, 1934), Globidrillia Woodring, 1928, and SpirotropisSars, 1878. The significant increase in species within all of the genera has the effect of strengthening the groups’ diagnostic characters by their presence across a greater number of species. Each of the 148 valid species treated herein are described (or redescribed) and photographs of types presented, as are photographs of morphological variants and representatives from separate geographic areas, if available, to illustrate species’ variability.
Accessible surveys cited (2) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Fedosov A., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Kantor Y., Oliverio M., Dgebuadze P., Modica M.V. & Bouchet P. 2018. The collapse of Mitra: molecular systematics and morphology of the Mitridae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1-85. DOI:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx073/4855867
Abstract [+] [-]Alongside confirmation of the monophyly of the gastropod family Mitridae, a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis disclosed multiple inconsistencies with the existing taxonomic framework. In the present study, we expanded the molecular sampling to 103 species, representing 26% of the 402 extant species currently accepted in the family and 16 of the 19 currently accepted extant genera; 83 species were sequenced for four molecular markers [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S and 12S rRNA, and H3 (Histone 3)]. Molecular analyses were supplemented by morphological studies, focused on characters of the radula and, in a more restricted data set, proboscis anatomy. These data form the basis for a revised classification of the Mitridae. A first dichotomy divides mitrids into two unequal clades, Charitodoron and the Mitridae s.s. Species of Charitodoron show profound differences to all other Mitridae in foregut anatomy (lacking an epiproboscis) and shell morphology (smooth columella, bulbous protoconch of non-planktotrophic type), which leads to the erection of the separate family Charitodoronidae fam. nov. Three traditional subfamilies (Mitrinae, Cylindromitrinae and Imbricariinae) correspond to three of the inferred phylogenetic lineages of Mitridae s.s.; we redefine their contents, reinstate Strigatellinae Troschel, 1869 as valid and establish the new subfamily Isarinae. In the absence of molecular material, a sixth subfamily, Pleioptygmatinae, is included in Mitridae based on morphological considerations only. To resolve the polyphyly of Mitra and Cancilla in their current taxonomic extension, we reinstate the genera Episcomitra Monterosato, 1917, Isara H. & A. Adams, 1853 and Probata Sarasúa, 1989 and establish 11 new genera: Quasimitra, Roseomitra, Fusidomiporta, Profundimitra, Cancillopsis, Pseudonebularia, Gemmulimitra and Neotiara in Mitrinae; Imbricariopsis in Imbricariinae; Carinomitra and Condylomitra are left unassigned to a subfamily. Altogether 32 genera are recognized within the family. Their diversity and distribution are discussed, along with general trends in morphological evolution of the family.
Accessible surveys cited (20) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CONCALIS, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TARASOC, Tuhaa Pae 2013
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Fedosov A.E., Caballer gutierrez M., Buge B., Sorokin P.V., Puillandre N. & Bouchet P. 2019. Mapping the missing branch on the neogastropod tree of life: molecular phylogeny of marginelliform gastropods. Journal of Molluscan Studies 85(4): 440–452. DOI:10.1093/mollus/eyz028
Abstract [+] [-]Marginelliform gastropods are a heterogeneous and diverse group of molluscs encompassing over 1,600 living species, among which are the smallest known neogastropods. The relationships of marginelliform gastropods within the order Neogastropoda are controversial, and the monophyly of the two marginelliform families the Marginellidae J. Fleming, 1828 and the Cystiscidae Stimpson, 1865, remains unconfirmed. DNA sequence data have never been used to assess the relationships of the marginelliform gastropods, making this group the only major branch missing in our current understanding of the neogastropod tree of life. Here we report results of the first multilocus phylogenetic analysis of marginelliform gastropods, which is based on a dataset comprising 63 species (20 genera) of Marginellidae and Cystiscidae, and a wide range of neogastropod lineages. The Marginellidae and Cystiscidae form a moderately supported clade that is sister to the family Volutidae. Marginellona gigas appears to be sister to all other marginelliforms. The subfamily Marginellinae was recovered as a well-supported clade, and good resolution of this part of the tree makes it possible to propose amendments to the family-level classification of the group. The relationship between Granulina and other marginelliforms could not be resolved and requires further study. Due to poor resolution of basal relationships within the Marginellidae–Cystiscidae clade, the monophyly of the Cystiscidae was neither confirmed nor convincingly rejected. The shell morphology of most marginellid and cystiscid genera is taxonomically not very informative but, nevertheless, of the traditionally recognized genera only Gibberula and Dentimargo were shown to be polyphyletic. Although a comprehensive systematic revision of the group requires more extensive taxonomic sampling (e.g. with better representation of the type species of nominal genus-group names), our results support the superfamily Volutoidea, comprising four families (Volutidae, Cystiscidae, Marginellidae and Marginellonidae), with the placement of the Granulinidae uncertain for the time being.
Accessible surveys cited (15) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, Restricted, DongSha 2014, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, ILES DU SALUT, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KARUBENTHOS 2, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MADIBENTHOS, MAINBAZA, PAPUA NIUGINI, Restricted
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Galea H.R., Di camillo C.G. & Maggioni D. 2021. An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana. Zootaxa 4926(3): 301-341. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1
Abstract [+] [-]Among the thecate hydroids brought back by the Proteus-Guyane 2017 expedition of the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle of Paris, France, from French Guiana, two interesting species are reported upon. The plumulariid Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881, known so far from the type specimen only, is comprehensively redescribed 140 years after its original description. It adopts two different morphotypes with respect to both its tropho- and gonosome, forming either simple or ramified colonies, with either structurally-complex or rudimentary phylactocarps, respectively. Taxonomic notes on the genera Callicarpa Fewkes, 1881 and Hippurella Allman, 1877 are provided in light of their intricate history of origin and fate, together with the provisional resurrection of Antomma Stechow, 1919, as an allied genus of the former. The aglaopheniid Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, whose gonosome was only partly documented to date, is redescribed thoroughly based on specimens bearing male and female corbulae. Scanning electron microscopy and molecular data were also used to document both species. A checklist of the thecate hydroids from French Guiana gathered during Proteus-Guyane 2017 and Guyane 2014 expeditions is provided as an appendix, together with brief notes on some species. Not dealing with the present study, but taking advantage of it, a new name, Antennella billardi Galea, nom. nov., is proposed as a replacement name for Plumularia balei Billard, 1911, which is a permanently invalid junior primary homonym of P. balei Bartlett, 1907.
Accessible surveys cited (2) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IK (Cnidaires) -
Garrigues B. & Lamy D. 2016. Description de trois nouvelles espèces de Muricidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) collectées durant l’expédition du MNHN en Guyane Française et réhabilitation de Murex mexicanus Petit de la Saussaye, 1852. Xenophora Taxonomy 12: 30-44
Abstract [+] [-]Trois nouvelles espèces de Muricidae ont été collectées au cours de l’expédition « La Planète Revisitée » en Guyane Française en 2014-2015. Les deux premières, Phyllonotus guyanensis n. sp. et Phyllonotus salutensis n. sp. appartiennent au genre Phyllonotus Swainson, 1833. Dans la région Atlantique Ouest, cinq espèces sont actuellement répertoriées dans ce genre : Phyllonotus pomum (Gmelin, 1791), P. oculatus (Reeve, 1845), P. margaritensis (Abbott, 1958), P. globosus Emmons, 1858 et P. whymani Petuch & Sargent, 2011. Phyllonotus guyanensis n. sp. décrit ici est comparé à deux espèces proches : P. pomum et P. whymani. Phyllonotus pomum est largement répandu de la Caroline du Nord au Nord de l’Amérique du Sud tandis que P. whymani n’est connu que de sa localité-type, Dry Tortuga, Florida Keys. La deuxième espèce, Phyllonotus salutensis n. sp., est comparée à P. margaritensis des Iles du nord-est du Venezuela, P. globosus de la presqu’île du Paraguana au nord-ouest du Venezuela et P. pomum. Murex mexicanus Petit de la Saussaye, 1852, du Golfe du Mexique, (non Murex mexicanus Stearns, 1894 = Chicoreus maurus (Broderip, 1833)) a toujours été confondu avec P. pomum. Il est ici réhabilité sous le taxon de Phyllonotus mexicanus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1852). Phyllonotus oculatus se distingue de toutes les autres espèces nommées ci-dessus par une protoconque multispirale (Houart, 1987) et n’est pas abordé ici. La troisième espèce est une Favartia Jousseaume, 1880, Favartia charlesi n. sp. Elle est comparée avec l’espèce voisine F. hidalgoi (Crosse, 1869) rencontrée du Golfe du Mexique au Sud du Brésil entre 120 et 400 m de profondeur.
Accessible surveys cited (4) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Glover E.A. & Taylor J.D. 2016. Pleurolucina from the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans: a new intertidal species from Curaçao with unusual shell microstructure (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 620: 1-19. DOI:10.3897/zookeys.620.9569
Abstract [+] [-]A new shallow water species of the lucinid bivalve Pleurolucina is described from Curaçao in the southern Caribbean Sea and compared with known species of the genus from the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. Although confused with the Floridian species P. leucocyma, it is most similar to the eastern Pacific P. undata. As in all studied lucinids, the new species possesses symbiotic bacteria housed in the ctenidia. The shell microstructure is unusual with repeated and intercalated conchiolin layers that have sublayers of ‘tulip-shaped’ calcareous spherules. Predatory drillings by naticid gastropods frequently terminate at the conchiolin layers.
Accessible surveys cited (3) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Huang S.I. & Lin M.H. 2021. Thirty Trichotropid CAPULIDAE in tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean (GASTROPODA). Bulletin of Malacology, Taiwan 44: 23-81
Abstract [+] [-]30 new species in the Trichotropid CAPULIDAE in the genera Verticosta, Latticosta n. gen., Torellia and Trichosirius are described from tropical and subtropical deep water of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean: Verticosta ariane n. sp., Verticosta bellefontainae n. sp., Verticosta milleinsularum n. sp., Verticosta filipinos n. sp., Verticosta plexa n. sp., Verticosta lapita n. sp., Verticosta pyramis n. sp., Verticosta kanak n. sp., Verticosta vanuatuensis n. sp., Verticosta feejee n. sp., Verticosta lilii n. sp., Verticosta sinusvellae n. sp., Verticosta terrasesae n. sp., Verticosta uvea n. sp., Verticosta rurutuana n. sp., Verticosta bicarinata n. sp., Verticosta tricarinata n. sp., Verticosta quadricarinata n. sp., Verticosta cheni n. sp., Verticosta iris n. sp., Verticosta castelli n. sp., Verticosta biangulata n. sp., Verticosta reunionnaise n. sp., Verticosta lemurella n. sp., Verticosta madagascarensis n. sp., Latticosta guidopoppei n. sp., Latticosta tagaroae n. sp., Latticosta magnifica n. sp., Torellia loyaute n. sp. and Trichosirius omnimarium n. sp. Trichotropis townsendi is now Latticosta townsendi n. comb.. Shell material comes from expeditions by MNHN and collections of authors.
Accessible surveys cited (51) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BENTHAUS, BENTHEDI, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BIOMAGLO, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CONCALIS, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, HALIPRO 1, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KARUBAR, KAVIENG 2014, LAGON, LIFOU 2000, MADEEP, MADIBENTHOS, MD32 (REUNION), MIRIKY, MONTROUZIER, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 2, MUSORSTOM 3, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 1, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, SMIB 8, Restricted, TAIWAN 2000, TARASOC, TERRASSES
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Kantor Y.I., Fedosov A.E., Snyder M.A. & Bouchet P. 2018. Pseudolatirus Bellardi, 1884 revisited, with the description of two new genera and five new species (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 433: 1-57. DOI:10.5852/ejt.2018.433
Abstract [+] [-]The genus Pseudolatirus Bellardi, 1884, with the Miocene type species Fusus bilineatus Hörnes, 1853, has been used for 13 Miocene to Early Pleistocene fossil species and eight Recent species and has traditionally been placed in the fasciolariid subfamily Peristerniinae Tryon, 1880. Although the fossil species are apparently peristerniines, the Recent species were in their majority suspected to be most closely related to Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe, 1954 in the subfamily Fusininae Wrigley, 1927. Their close affinity was confirmed by the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Couto et al. (2016). In the molecular phylogenetic section we present a more detailed analysis of the relationships of 10 Recent Pseudolatirus-like species, erect two new fusinine genera, Okutanius gen. nov. (type species Fusolatirus kuroseanus Okutani, 1975) and Vermeijius gen. nov. (type species Pseudolatirus pallidus Kuroda & Habe, 1961). Five species are described as new for science, three of them are based on sequenced specimens (Granulifusus annae sp. nov., G. norfolkensis sp. nov., Okutanius ellenae gen. et sp. nov.) and two (G. tatianae sp. nov., G. guidoi sp. nov.) are attributed to Granulifusus on the basis of conchological similarities to sequenced species. New data on radular morphology is presented for examined species.
Accessible surveys cited (20) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, CONCALIS, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, GUYANE 2014, KANACONO, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MIRIKY, NanHai 2014, Restricted, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, TARASOC, TERRASSES
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Liao Y., Ma K.Y., De grave S., Komai T., Chan T.Y. & Chu K.H. 2019. Systematic analysis of the caridean shrimp superfamily Pandaloidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 134: 200-210. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.006
Abstract [+] [-]One of the systematically controversial superfamilies in Caridea is the predominately deep-sea or cold water Pandaloidea, largely because this species-rich group of nearly 200 species in 25 genera exhibits a very high diversity of body forms and ecology. Although the relationships amongst the taxa within Pandaloidea have been repeatedly discussed based on morphology, no comprehensive molecular phylogeny exists. In this study, we present the first molecular phylogeny of the group, based on a combined dataset of two mitochondrial (12S and 16S rRNA) and six nuclear (ATP synthase β-subunit, enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, histone 3, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and sodium–potassium ATPase α-subunit) markers, based on 62 species (about 1/3 of known biodiversity) in 22 genera (88% of genera) of two pandaloid families (Pandalidae, Thalassocarididae) and outgroups from seven other caridean families. With generally high support, the relationships within the clade are fully resolved. Pandalidae is shown to be paraphyletic with Thalassocarididae deeply nested within as a monophyletic group, and the latter is herein considered to be a synonym of Pandalidae. Five major clades are recovered, with the shallow water genera Anachlorocurtis, Chlorocurtis, Chlorotocella and Miropandalus forming a sister clade to the remaining genera. At the genus level, the phylogeny indicates Plesionika, Heterocarpus and Pandalus to be not monophyletic. The validity of Pandalopsis, Stylopandalus and Calipandalus is challenged and these genera are considered herein to be junior synonyms of Pandalus (Pandalopsis) and Plesionika (Stylopandalus and Calipandalus). Although not fully resolved, some evidence potentially considers Nothocaris to be a valid genus. Ancestral State Reconstruction successfully recovered 15 synapomorphies for the major clades, with 11 of them reported to be of systematic significance for the first time.
Accessible surveys cited (3) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IU (Crustaceans) -
Lyons W.G. & Snyder M.A. 2016. Fasciolaria guyanensis , a new species of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from northeastern South America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 165(1): 1-7. DOI:10.1635/053.165.0103
Accessible surveys cited (1) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Monnier E. & Limpalaër L. 2016. Revision of the Dauciconus daucus complex (Gastropoda: Conidae). Description of two new species: Dauciconus jacquescolombi n.sp. from Martinique and Dauciconus massemini n.sp. from French Guyana. Xenophora Taxonomy 13: 6-37
Accessible surveys cited (1) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Pelorce J. 2017. Les Columbellidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) de la Guyane française. Xenophora Taxonomy 14: 4-21
Accessible surveys cited (1) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Phuong M.A., Alfaro M.E., Mahardika G.N., Marwoto R.M., Prabowo R.E., Von rintelen T., Vogt P.W., Hendricks J.R. & Puillandre N. 2018. Lack of signal for the impact of venom gene diversity on speciation rates in cone snails. bioRxiv 359976. DOI:10.1101/359976
Abstract [+] [-]Understanding why some groups of organisms are more diverse than others is a central goal in macroevolution. Evolvability, or lineages' intrinsic capacity for evolutionary change, is thought to influence disparities in species diversity across taxa. Over macroevolutionary time scales, clades that exhibit high evolvability are expected to have higher speciation rates. Cone snails (family: Conidae, >900 spp.) provide a unique opportunity to test this prediction because their venom genes can be used to characterize differences in evolvability between clades. Cone snails are carnivorous, use prey-specific venom (conotoxins) to capture prey, and the genes that encode venom are known and diversify through gene duplication. Theory predicts that higher gene diversity confers a greater potential to generate novel phenotypes for specialization and adaptation. Therefore, if conotoxin gene diversity gives rise to varying levels of evolvability, conotoxin gene diversity should be coupled with macroevolutionary speciation rates. We applied exon capture techniques to recover phylogenetic markers and conotoxin loci across 314 species, the largest venom discovery effort in a single study. We paired a reconstructed timetree using 12 fossil calibrations with species-specific estimates of conotoxin gene diversity and used trait-dependent diversification methods to test the impact of evolvability on diversification patterns. Surprisingly, did not detect any signal for the relationship between conotoxin gene diversity and speciation rates, suggesting that venom evolution may not be the rate-limiting factor controlling diversification dynamics in Conidae. Comparative analyses showed some signal for the impact of diet and larval dispersal strategy on diversification patterns, though whether or not we detected a signal depended on the dataset and the method. If our results remain true with increased sampling in future studies, they suggest that the rapid evolution of Conidae venom may cause other factors to become more critical to diversification, such as ecological opportunity or traits that promote isolation among lineages.
Accessible surveys cited (25) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CONCALIS, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, Restricted, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TAIWAN 2013, TERRASSES, Restricted
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Rodríguez-flores P.C., Machordom A., Abelló P., Cuesta J.A. & Macpherson E. 2019. Species delimitation and multi-locus species tree solve an old taxonomic problem for European squat lobsters of the genus Munida Leach, 1820. Marine Biodiversity 49(4): 1751-1773. DOI:10.1007/s12526-019-00941-3
Abstract [+] [-]The taxonomy of Munida Leach, 1820 from the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea was studied using a comparative analysis of morphological characters and molecular markers (mitochondrial and nuclear). Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescence and the Poisson tree process models were used to delimit two groups of closely related species associated with uncertain nomenclature and taxonomic status: (1) Munida intermedia A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1899, M. rugosa (Fabricius, 1775), M. sarsi Huus, 1935 and M. tenuimana Sars, 1872 and (2) M. rutllanti Zariquiey-Álvarez, 1952 and M. speciosa von Martens, 1878. We found that M. tenuimana is restricted to northern Atlantic waters (north of approx. 48° N), while Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay specimens previously assigned to this taxon actually belong to a different species, indicating that the name Munida perarmata A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1894 should be resurrected. Furthermore, M. rutllanti is shown to be a junior synonym of M. speciosa, a species that has thus far only been reported along western Africa. In addition, three species are re-described and a key to European Munida is provided. The validity of the morphological characters used to distinguish the different species is discussed. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three independent lineages with unsolved relationships among them, including high genetic distances for some species. These findings indicate highly divergent lineages of the European Munida and several events of colonization along the eastern Atlantic.
Accessible surveys cited (1) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IU (Crustaceans) -
Sabroux R., Corbari L., Krapp F., Bonillo C., Le prieur S. & Hassanin A. 2017. Biodiversity and phylogeny of Ammotheidae (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida). European Journal of Taxonomy 286: 1-33. DOI:10.5852/ejt.2017.286
Abstract [+] [-]The family Ammotheidae is the most diversified group of the class Pycnogonida, with 297 species described in 20 genera. Its monophyly and intergeneric relationships have been highly debated in previous studies. Here, we investigated the phylogeny of Ammotheidae using specimens from poorly studied areas. We sequenced the mitochondrial gene encoding the first subunit of cytochrome c oxidase (CO1) from 104 specimens. The complete nuclear 18S rRNA gene was sequenced from a selection of 80 taxa to provide further phylogenetic signal. The base composition in CO1 shows a higher heterogeneity in Ammotheidae than in other families, which may explain their apparent polyphyly in the CO1 tree. Although deeper nodes of the tree receive no statistical support, Ammotheidae was found to be monophyletic and divided into two clades, here defined as distinct subfamilies: Achelinae comprises the genera Achelia Hodge, 1864, Ammothella Verrill, 1900, Nymphopsis Haswell, 1884 and Tanystylum Miers, 1879; and Ammotheinae includes the genera Ammothea Leach, 1814, Acheliana Arnaud, 1971, Cilunculus Loman, 1908, Sericosura Fry & Hedgpeth, 1969 and also Teratonotum gen. nov., including so far only the type species Ammothella stauromata Child, 1982. The species Cilunculus gracilis Nakamura & Child, 1991 is reassigned to Ammothella, forming the binomen Ammothella gracilis (Nakamura & Child, 1991) comb. nov. Additional taxonomic re-arrangements are suggested for the genera Achelia, Acheliana, Ammothella and Cilunculus.
Accessible surveys cited (10) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, BATHUS 3, BIOPAPUA, GUYANE 2014, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MAINBAZA, Restricted, PAPUA NIUGINI, SANTO 2006
Associated collection codes: IU (Crustaceans) -
Strong E.E., Puillandre N., Beu A.G., Castelin M. & Bouchet P. 2019. Frogs and tuns and tritons – A molecular phylogeny and revised family classification of the predatory gastropod superfamily Tonnoidea (Caenogastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130: 18-34. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.016
Abstract [+] [-]The Tonnoidea is a moderately diverse group of large, predatory gastropods with ∼360 valid species. Known for their ability to secrete sulfuric acid, they use it to prey on a diversity of invertebrates, primarily echinoderms. Tonnoideans currently are classified in seven accepted families: the comparatively well known, shallow water Bursidae, Cassidae, Personidae, Ranellidae, and Tonnidae, and the lesser-known, deep water Laubierinidae and Pisanianuridae. We assembled a mitochondrial and nuclear gene (COI, 16S, 12S, 28S) dataset for ∼80 species and 38 genera currently recognized as valid. Bayesian analysis of the concatenated dataset recovered a monophyletic Tonnoidea, with Ficus as its sister group. Unexpectedly, Thalassocyon, currently classified in the Ficidae, was nested within the ingroup as the sister group to Distorsionella. Among currently recognized families, Tonnidae, Cassidae, Bursidae and Personidae were supported as monophyletic but the Ranellidae and Ranellinae were not, with Cymatiinae, Ranella and Charonia supported as three unrelated clades. The Laubierinidae and Pisanianuridae together form a monophyletic group. Although not all currently accepted genera have been included in the analysis, the new phylogeny is sufficiently robust and stable to the inclusion/exclusion of nonconserved regions to establish a revised family-level classification with nine families: Bursidae, Cassidae, Charoniidae, Cymatiidae, Laubierinidae, Personidae, Ranellidae, Thalassocyonidae and Tonnidae. The results reveal that many genera as presently circumscribed are para- or polyphyletic and, in some cases support the rescue of several genus-group names from synonymy (Austrosassia, Austrotriton, Laminilabrum, Lampadopsis, Personella, Proxicharonia, Tritonoranella) or conversely, support their synonymization (Biplex with Gyrineum). Several species complexes are also revealed that merit further investigation (e.g., Personidae: Distorsio decipiens, D. reticularis; Bursidae: Bursa tuberosissima; Cassidae: Echinophoria wyvillei, Galeodea bituminata, and Semicassis bisulcata). Consequently, despite their teleplanic larvae, the apparently circumglobal distribution of some tonnoidean species is the result of excessive synonymy. The superfamily is estimated to have diverged during the early Jurassic (∼186 Ma), with most families originating during a narrow ∼20 My window in Albian-Aptian times as part of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution.
Accessible surveys cited (20) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, CONCALIS, EBISCO, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 2, Restricted, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, TAIWAN 2004, TERRASSES, Restricted, ZhongSha 2015
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Taylor J.D. & Glover E.A. 2016. Lucinid bivalves of Guadeloupe: diversity and systematics in the context of the tropical Western Atlantic (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Lucinidae). Zootaxa 4196(3): 301-380. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4196.3.1
Abstract [+] [-]Intensive sampling of molluscs from the intertidal to depths of 800 m around the islands of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles (KARUBENTHOS 2012, 2015) recovered 25 species of Lucinidae. All the Guadeloupe species are described and illustrated including details of larval shells and the taxonomy revised within the context of the wider western Atlantic fauna and recent classifications. Concurrent molecular analysis has helped separate frequently confounded species. ‘Myrtea’ pristiphora is placed in the Leucosphaerine genus Myrtina previously known from the Indo-West Pacific. A second western Atlantic species of Callucina, C. pauperatus previously known from the Pliocene of Jamaica is recognised from the southern Caribbean and off Brazil. The deeper water species ‘Myrteopis’ lens is placed in Afrolucina previously known from the eastern Atlantic. Lucinids commonly identified as Ctena orbiculata are shown to belong to two distinct species, C. orbiculata in the Gulf of Mexico and Florida and C. imbricatula in the Caribbean. Epicodakia is recognised for the first time in the western Atlantic with E. pectinata widely distributed across the region and E. filiata recorded from deeper water. Three species of Lucina are recognised, Lucina pensylvanica in the Gulf of Mexico and Florida and the similar Lucina roquesana from the Caribbean and Bahamas while the smaller L. aurantia has a wide distribution from central America to the Bahamas. A new species of Parvilucina, P. latens is described; this is similar to P. pectinella but has an internal ligament. The long problematic species ‘Codakia’ cubana is assigned to Ferrocina. A new genus, Guyanella is introduced for Parvilucina clenchi the smallest known lucinid. A critical reassessment of the lucinid fauna of the western Atlantic Ocean identifies 46 species for the region with 33 of these living at depths less than 200 m. Deeper-water habitats have been much less investigated except at sites of hydrocarbon seeps. Some species are widespread throught the whole region but others have more restricted ranges. Notable are species pairs, for example of Ctena, Lucina, Lucinisca and Parvilucina that are either largely Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico/Floridian in distribution. Although extralimital, two problematic species from the mid-south Atlantic island of St Helena are refigured and placed in Cavilinga.
Accessible surveys cited (4) [+] [-]
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Taylor J.D., Glover E.A., Smith L., Ikebe C. & Williams S.T. 2016. New molecular phylogeny of Lucinidae: increased taxon base with focus on tropical Western Atlantic species (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Zootaxa 4196(3): 381-398. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4196.3.2
Abstract [+] [-]A new molecular phylogeny of the Lucinidae using 18S and 28S rRNA and cytochrome b genes includes many species from the tropical Western Atlantic as well as additional taxa from the Indo-West Pacific. This study provides a phylogenetic framework for a new taxonomy of tropical Western Atlantic lucinids. The analysis confirmed five major clades—Pegophyseminae, Leucosphaerinae, Myrteinae, Codakiinae and Lucininae, with Monitilorinae and Fimbriinae represented by single species. The Leucosphaerinae are expanded and include Callucina winckworthi and the W. Atlantic Myrtina pristiphora that groups with several Indo-West Pacific Myrtina species. Within the Codakiinae two abundant species of Ctena from the Western Atlantic with similar shells are discriminated as C. orbiculata and C. imbricatula, while in the Indo-West Pacific Ctena bella is a probable species complex. The Lucininae is the most species rich and disparate subfamily with several subclades apparent. Three species of Lucina are recognized in the W. Atlantic L. aurantia, L. pensylvanica and L. roquesana. Pleurolucina groups near to Cavilinga and Lucina, while Lucinisca muricata is more closely related to the E. Pacific L. fenestrata than to the Atlantic L. nassula. A new species of Parvilucina is identified from molecular analyses having been confounded with Parvilucina pectinata but differs in ligament structure. Also, the former Parvilucina clenchi is more distant and assigned to Guyanella.
Accessible surveys cited (10) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, BIOPAPUA, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, MADEEP, PANGLAO 2004, PAPUA NIUGINI
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Vilvens C. 2017. New species and new records of Chilodontidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Seguenzioidea) from the Pacific Ocean. Novapex 18(HS 11): 1-67
Abstract [+] [-]New records of Chilodontidae species described from various Pacific localities are listed, extending their distribution. 15 new species are described from New Caledonia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Solomon Islands and Taiwan, and compared with similar species: Vaceuchelus cavernoides n. sp., V. phaios n. sp., V. rapaensis n. sp., Herpetopoma pantantoi n. sp., H. vitilevuense n. sp., H. hivaoaense n. sp., Euchelus polysarkon n. sp., Ascetostoma pteroton n. sp., Clypeostoma chranos n. sp., C. adelon n. sp., Pholidotrope asteroeides n. sp., P. choiseulensis n. sp., Danilia stroggylon n. sp., Perrinia cantharidoides n. sp. and P. guadalcanalensis n. sp. Two new synonymies are established: Vaceuchelus saguili Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006 from the Philippines is synonymized with V. favosus (Melvill & Standen, 1896), and V. vangoethemi Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006 from the Philippines is synonymized with V. clathratus (A.Adams, 1853)
Accessible surveys cited (35) [+] [-]AURORA 2007, BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 4, BENTHAUS, BIOGEOCAL, BOA1, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CHALCAL 1, CHALCAL 2, CONCALIS, CORAIL 2, EBISCO, GUYANE 2014, KARUBAR, LAGON, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 3, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, MUSORSTOM 9, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, PALEO-SURPRISE, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 1, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TAIWAN 2000, TAIWAN 2001, VAUBAN 1978-1979
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs) -
Zaharias P., Kantor Y.I., Fedosov A.E., Criscione F., Hallan A., Kano Y., Bardin J. & Puillandre N. 2020. Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190(2): 532-557. DOI:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa010
Abstract [+] [-]Abstract The practice of species delimitation using molecular data commonly leads to the revealing of species complexes and an increase in the number of delimited species. In a few instances, however, DNA-based taxonomy has led to lumping together of previously described species. Here, we delimit species in the genus Cryptogemma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae), a group of deep-sea snails with a wide geographical distribution, primarily by using the mitochondrial COI gene. Three approaches of species delimitation (ABGD, mPTP and GMYC) were applied to define species partitions. All approaches resulted in eight species. According to previous taxonomic studies and shell morphology, 23 available names potentially apply to the eight Cryptogemma species that were recognized herein. Shell morphometrics, radular characters and geographical and bathymetric distributions were used to link type specimens to these delimited species. In all, 23 of these available names are here attributed to seven species, resulting in 16 synonymizations, and one species is described as new: Cryptogemma powelli sp. nov. We discuss the possible reasons underlying the apparent overdescription of species within Cryptogemma, which is shown here to constitute a rare case of DNA-based species lumping in the hyper-diversified superfamily Conoidea.
Accessible surveys cited (25) [+] [-]ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOMAGLO, BIOPAPUA, CONCALIS, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2004, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, TAIWAN 2013, TARASOC, TERRASSES, ZhongSha 2015
Associated collection codes: IM (Molluscs)
List of documents
- Cahier(s) de campagne
- Restricted access (1)
- Devis et factures
- Restricted access (6)
- Documents administratifs et financiers
- Restricted access (17)
- Documents de communication et pédagogiques
- Communiqué de presse 1
- Communiqué de presse 2
- Communiqué de presse 3
- Communiqué de presse 3 complément
- Poster Hauturier marin
- Revue de presse
- Documents logistiques
- Restricted access (1)
- Dossier(s) de préparation de mission
- Restricted access (6)
- Fichier EXCEL
- Restricted access (1)
- Google Earth
- Stations ACOUPA Google Earth
- Rapport(s) de mission
- Rapport Scientifique
List of photos
List of participants
Detail :
- Boisselier, Marie-Catherine (Systématique moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
- Collecte - Tri
- Bouchet, Philippe (Malacologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle)
- Chef de mission
- Corbari, Laure (Carcinologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle)
- Chef de mission
- Couchy, Frédéric (Enseignant, Collège Paul Kapel, Cayenne)
- Correspondant pédagogique
- Dupoux, Cyndie (Technicienne des Collections, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle)
- Barcode mollusques
- Galindo, Lee Ann (Malacologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle)
- Barcode mollusques
- Hourdez, Stephane (Systématique des annélides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
- Collecte - Tri
- Leblond, Alice (Coordination, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle)
- Logistique
- Menegola, Carla (Systématique des spongiaires, Universidad Federal de Bahia)
- Collecte - Tri
- Paulay, Gustav (Systématique des échinodermes, University of Florida)
- Collecte - Tri
- Reverter, Oscar (systématique des bryozoaires, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)
- Collecte - Tri
- Robertson, Ross (Ichtyologie, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute)
- Collecte - Tri
- Samuel, Pierre ( Individuel)
- Capitaine d'Armement
- Todd, Romel ( Individuel)
- Capitaine d'Armement
Stations map
GoogleEarth file (.kml)
List of stations
