Species delimitation in poorly known and diverse taxa is usually performed based on monolocus, DNA-­barcoding-­like approaches, while multilocus data are often used to test alternative species hypotheses in well-­studied groups. We combined both approaches to delimit species in the Xenuroturris/Iotyrris complex, a group of venomous marine gastropods from the Indo-P­ acific. First, COI sequences were analysed using three methods of species delimitation to propose primary species hypotheses. Second, RAD sequencing data were also obtained and a maximum-l­ikelihood phylogenetic tree produced. We tested the impact of the level of missing data on the robustness of the phylogenetic tree obtained with the RAD-­seq data. Alternative species partitions revealed with the COI data set were also tested using the RAD-­seq data and the Bayes factor species delimitation method. The congruence between the species hypotheses proposed with the mitochondrial nuclear data sets, together with the morphological variability of the shell and the radula and the distribution pattern, was used to turn the primary species hypotheses into secondary species hypotheses. Allopatric primary species hypotheses defined with the COI gene were interpreted to correspond to intraspecific structure. Most of the species are found sympatrically in the Philippines, and only one is confidently identified as a new species and described as Iotyrris conotaxis n. sp. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the combined monolocus/multilocus approach to delimit species.

ATIMO VATAE, INHACA 2011, MAINBAZA, PAKAIHI I TE MOANA, PAPUA NIUGINI, SANTO 2006, TERRASSES

Transcriptome-based exon capture methods provide an approach to recover several hundred markers from genomic DNA, allowing for robust phylogenetic estimation at deep timescales. We applied this method to a highly diverse group of venomous marine snails, Conoidea, for which published phylogenetic trees remain mostly unresolved for the deeper nodes. We targeted 850 protein coding genes (678,322 bp) in ca. 120 samples, spanning all (except one) known families of Conoidea and a broad selection of non-Conoidea neogastropods. The capture was successful for most samples, although capture efficiency decreased when DNA libraries were of insufficient quality and/or quantity (dried samples or low starting DNA concentration) and when targeting the most divergent lineages. An average of 75.4% of proteins was recovered, and the resulting tree, reconstructed using both supermatrix (IQ-tree) and supertree (Astral-II, combined with the Weighted Statistical Binning method) approaches, are almost fully supported. A reconstructed fossil-calibrated tree dates the origin of Conoidea to the Lower Cretaceous. We provide descriptions for two new families. The phylogeny revealed in this study provides a robust framework to reinterpret changes in Conoidea anatomy through time. Finally, we used the phylogeny to test the impact of the venom gland and radular type on diversification rates. Our analyses revealed that repeated losses of the venom gland had no effect on diversification rates, while families with a breadth of radula types showed increases in diversification rates, thus suggesting that trophic ecology may have an impact on the evolution of Conoidea.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CEAMARC-AA, CONCALIS, ???msg.security.private???, DongSha 2014, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, ILES DU SALUT, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MAINBAZA, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, ???msg.security.private???, SALOMONBOA 3, TAIWAN 2013, TERRASSES, ???msg.security.private???

BIOPAPUA

Volutomitra glabella n. sp., from off New Caledonia, is the second representative of the genus from the tropical South-West Pacific, where it has been recorded alive on hard bottoms in 258-525 m. Its anatomy is essentially similar to that of other boreal, Antarctic and Australasian species of Volutomitridae. It is sympatric with the V. vaubani species-complex, from which it differs by its larger adult size (17-25 mm), more vividly coloured shell, and larger protoconch (average diameter 1440,um vs average 1030,um in V. vaubani).

BATHUS 4, LAGON, MUSORSTOM 4, SMIB 10, SMIB 6

The anatomy of Latiromitra Locard, 1897, is very similar to that of other representatives of the Ptychatractinae, notably in the short or very short proboscis, the presence of an accessory salivary gland, the ventral odontophoral retractor passing through the nerve ring, and the position of the buccal mass at the proboscis base in contracted position. Latiromitra differs from Ceratoxancus by its fused salivary glands (clearly separate in Ceratoxancus). Based on anatomical and conchological characters, Cyomesus Quinn, 1981, and Okinawavoluta Noda, 1980, are confirmed and/or placed in the synonymy of Latiromitra. The genus currently comprises 10 Recent and Neogene species, three in the Atlantic, and seven in the Indo-West Pacific, all in deep water at low latitudes. Teramachia chaunax Bayer, 1971, is placed in the synonymy of Latiromitra cryptodon (P. Fischer, 1882), and the Recent Benthovoluta sakashitai Habe, 1976, is placed in the synonymy of the Pliocene Latiromitra okinavensis (MacNeil, 1961). Volutomitra? vitilevensis Ladd, 1982 is placed in Latiromitra. Three new species are described: Latiromitra paiciorum sp. nov. (New Caledonia, 960-1100 m), L. cacozeliana sp. nov. (Vanuatu, 536-775 m), and L. crosnieri sp. nov. (Madagascar and NE of Fiji, 600-800 m). In addition, Mitra styliola Dall, 1927, from off Georgia, USA, is tentatively referred to Latiromitra.

BATHUS 1, BIOCAL, KARUBAR, MUSORSTOM 2, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, ???msg.security.private???

Recent deep-sea explorations in the South Pacific have documented around New Caledonia the most diverse fauna of gastropods of the family Volutomitridae anywhere in the world. Fourteen species (nine new, two remaining unnamed) are recorded, all essentially confined to the 250–750 m depth range. The high number of species in the New Caledonia region does not appear to be an effect of sampling intensity, but appears to result from four factors: regional spatial heterogeneity, frequency of hard substrates, syntopy, and a historical heritage shared with Australia and New Zealand, which until now ranked as the major centre of volutomitrid diversity. In the New Caledonia region, volutomitrids show a marked preference for hard bottoms and up to three species may cooccur in the same dredge haul. Many species appear to have extremely narrow geographical distributions within the region (e.g. a single seamount or a single submerged plateau); conversely, Microvoluta joloensis, the only non-endemic volutomitrid present in New Caledonia, ranges from the Mozambique Channel to Tonga.

BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BENTHEDI, BERYX 11, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CALSUB, CHALCAL 2, CORAIL 2, HALICAL 1, HALIPRO 1, LAGON, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, NORFOLK 1, PALEO-SURPRISE, SMIB 10, SMIB 2, SMIB 3, SMIB 6, SMIB 8, VAUBAN 1978-1979

A new genus-level classification of the Conoidea is presented, based on the molecular phylogeny of Puillandre et al. in the accompanying paper. Fifteen lineages are recognized and ranked as families to facilitate continuity in the treatment of the names Conidae (for 'cones') and Terebridae in their traditional usage. The hitherto polyphyletic 'Turridae' is now resolved as 13 monophyletic families, in which the 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera are placed, or tentatively allocated: Conorbidae (2 (sub) genera), Borsoniidae (34), Clathurellidae (21), Mitromorphidae (8), Mangeliidae (60), Raphitomidae (71), Cochlespiridae (9), Drilliidae (34), Pseudomelatomidae (=Crassispiridae) (59), Clavatulidae (14), Horaiclavidae new family (28), Turridae s. s. (16) and Strictispiridae (2). A diagnosis with description of the shell and radulae is provided for each of these families.

AURORA 2007, BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 4, BIOCAL, BOA1, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CONCALIS, EBISCO, ???msg.security.private???, LIFOU 2000, MONTROUZIER, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, SMIB 8, VAUBAN 1978-1979

The Terebridae are a diverse family of tropical and subtropical marine, gastropods that use a complex and modular venom apparatus to produce toxins that capture polychaete and enteropneust preys. The complexity of the terebrid venom apparatus suggests that venom apparatus development in the Terebridae could be linked to the diversification of the group and can be analyzed within a molecular phylogenetic scaffold to better understand terebrid evolution. Presented here is a molecular phylogeny of 89 terebrid species belonging to 12 of the 15 currently accepted genera, based on Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses of amplicons of 3 mitochondrial (COI, 165 and 12S) and one nuclear (28S) genes. The evolution of the anatomy of the terebrid venom apparatus was assessed by mapping traits of six related characters: proboscis, venom gland, odontophore, accessory proboscis structure, radula, and salivary glands. A novel result concerning terebrid phylogeny was the discovery of a previously unrecognized lineage, which includes species of Euterebra and Duplicaria. The non-monophyly of most terebrid genera analyzed indicates that the current genus-level classification of the group is plagued with homoplasy and requires further taxonomic investigations. Foregut anatomy in the family Terebridae reveals an inordinate diversity of features that covers the range of variability within the entire superfamily Conoidea, and that hypodermic radulae have likely evolved independently on at least three occasions. These findings illustrate that terebrid venom apparatus evolution is not perfunctory, and involves independent and numerous changes of central features in the foregut anatomy. The multiple emergence of hypodermic marginal radular teeth in terebrids are presumably associated with variable functionalities, suggesting that terebrids have adapted to dietary changes that may have resulted from predator-prey relationships. The anatomical and phylogenetic results presented serve as a starting point to advance investigations about the role of predator-prey interactions in the diversification of the Terebridae and the impact on their peptide toxins, which are promising bioactive compounds for biomedical research and therapeutic drug development. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ATIMO VATAE, BOA1, CONCALIS, EBISCO, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, ???msg.security.private???, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, ???msg.security.private???, TARASOC, TERRASSES

The neogastropod family Fasciolariidae Gray, 1853 – tulips, horse-conchs, spindles, etc., comprises important representatives of tropical and subtropical molluscan assemblages, with over 500 species in the subfamilies Fasciolariinae Gray, 1853, Fusininae Wrigley, 1927 and Peristerniinae Tryon, 1880. Fasciolariids have had a rather complicated taxonomical history, with several genus names for a long time used as waste baskets to group many unrelated species; based on shell characters, recent taxonomic revisions have, however, began to set some order in its taxonomy. The present work is the first molecular approach to the phylogeny of Fasciolariidae based on a multigene dataset, which provides support for fasciolariids, an old group with a fossil record dating back to the Cretaceous. Molecular markers used were the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and the nuclear genes 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and histone H3, sequenced for up to 116 ingroup taxa and 17 outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses revealed monophyly of Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1884 and Teralatirus Coomans, 1965, however it was not possible to discern if the group is the sister clade to the remaining fasciolariids; the latter, on the other hand, proved monophyletic and contained highly supported groups. A first split grouped fusinines and Pseudolatirus Bellardi, 1884; a second split grouped the peristerniine genera Peristernia Mörch, 1852 and Fusolatirus Kuroda and Habe, 1971, while the last group comprised fasciolariines and the remaining peristerniines. None of these clades correspond to the present-day accepted circumscription of the three recognized subfamilies.

BIOPAPUA, KARUBENTHOS 2012, PAPUA NIUGINI, SANTO 2006

Profundiconus is the most divergent cone snail genus and its unique phylogenetic position, sister to the rest of the family Conidae, makes it a key taxon for examining venom evolution and diversity. Venom gland and foot transcriptomes of Profundiconus cf. vaubani and Profundiconus neocaledonicus were de novo assembled, annotated, and analyzed for differential expression. One hundred and thirty-seven venom components were identified from P. cf. vaubani and 82 from P. neocaledonicus, with only four shared by both species. The majority of the transcript diversity was composed of putative peptides, including conotoxins, profunditoxins, turripeptides, insulin, and prohormone-4. However, there were also a significant percentage of other putative venom components such as chymotrypsin and L-rhamnose-binding lectin. The large majority of conotoxins appeared to be from new gene superfamilies, three of which are highly different from previously reported venom peptide toxins. Their low conotoxin diversity and the type of insulin found suggested that these species, for which no ecological information are available, have a worm or molluscan diet associated with a narrow dietary breadth. Our results indicate that Profundiconus venom is highly distinct from that of other cone snails, and therefore important for examining venom evolution in the Conidae family.

KANACONO

Two new species of Horaiclavus, lacking radula, venom gland and proboscis, are described. The genus is placed in the subfamily Crassispirinae (Turridae). Both species possess a peculiar foregut structure, the muscular rhynchodaeal outgrowth situated in the rhynchocoel. The possible function of the rhynchodaeal outgrowth is discussed. Other studied species of Horaiclavus possess a radula of a typical ‘crassispirine’ type but lack the outgrowth. The anatomy of the foregut of the new species is superficially similar to that of Zemacies excelsa (Turridae: Zemaciinae), which also possesses an additional structure of the rhynchocoel, namely the ‘pyriform gland’. Conchologically, there is no resemblance between Zemacies and Horaiclavus and it is concluded that similar foregut arrangement appeared independently in both lineages. A new monotypic subfamily Zemaciinae was erected mostly on the basis of the unique foregut arrangement of Zemacies excelsa. We express doubts concerning the importance of these characters in establishing a new taxon of subfamilial rank and therefore the validity of the subfamily Zemaciinae.

BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BERYX 11, BIOCAL, LAGON, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, NORFOLK 1, SMIB 8, VOLSMAR

MAINBAZA, PANGLAO 2004, SANTO 2006

With about 800 Recent species, ‘miters’ are a widely distributed group of tropical and subtropical gastropods that are most diverse in the Indo-West Pacific. They include the two families Mitridae and Costellariidae, similar in shell morphology and traditionally treated as close relatives. Some genera of deep-water Ptychatractidae and Volutomitridae are close to miters in shell morphology, and the term ‘mitriform gastropods’ has been introduced to refer to Mitridae, Costellariidae, and this assortment of convergent forms. The present study aimed at the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships of mitriform gastropods based on representative taxon sampling. Four genetic markers [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S and 12S rRNA mitochondrial genes, and H3 (Histone 3) nuclear gene] were sequenced for over 90 species in 20 genera, and the molecular data set was supplemented by studies of radula morphology. Our analysis recovered Mitridae as a monophyletic group, whereas the genus Mitra was found to be polyphyletic. Of 42 mitrid species included in the analysis, 37 formed a well-supported ‘core Mitridae’ consisting of four major clades, three of them consistent with the subfamilies Cylindromitrinae, Imbricariinae, and Mitrinae, and Strigatella paupercula standing out by itself. Basal to the ‘core Mitridae’ are four minor lineages, with the genus Charitodoron recognized as sister group to all other Mitridae. The deepwater family Pyramimitridae shows a sister relationship to the Mitridae, with high support for a Pyramimitridae + Mitridae clade. Our results recover the monophyly of the Costellariidae, which form a wellsupported clade that also includes Ptychatractidae, Columbariinae, and Volutomitridae, but not Mitridae. Most derived and diverse amongst Costellariidae are species of Vexillum, characterized by a bow-shaped, multicuspidate rachidian tooth. Several previously unrecognized deep-water costellariid lineages are revealed. Their members retain some plesiomorphies – in particular a tricuspidate rachidian tooth – that makes them morphologically intermediate between ptychatractids and Vexillum. The taxa of Ptychatractidae included in the analysis are not monophyletic, but form three well-supported, unrelated groupings, corresponding respectively to Ceratoxancus + Latiromitra, Exilia, and Exiliodea. None of them shows an affinity to Pseudolividae.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CONCALIS, EBISCO, EXBODI, INHACA 2011, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, ???msg.security.private???, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TARASOC, TERRASSES, Tuhaa Pae 2013, ???msg.security.private???

Alongside confirmation of the monophyly of the gastropod family Mitridae, a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis disclosed multiple inconsistencies with the existing taxonomic framework. In the present study, we expanded the molecular sampling to 103 species, representing 26% of the 402 extant species currently accepted in the family and 16 of the 19 currently accepted extant genera; 83 species were sequenced for four molecular markers [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S and 12S rRNA, and H3 (Histone 3)]. Molecular analyses were supplemented by morphological studies, focused on characters of the radula and, in a more restricted data set, proboscis anatomy. These data form the basis for a revised classification of the Mitridae. A first dichotomy divides mitrids into two unequal clades, Charitodoron and the Mitridae s.s. Species of Charitodoron show profound differences to all other Mitridae in foregut anatomy (lacking an epiproboscis) and shell morphology (smooth columella, bulbous protoconch of non-planktotrophic type), which leads to the erection of the separate family Charitodoronidae fam. nov. Three traditional subfamilies (Mitrinae, Cylindromitrinae and Imbricariinae) correspond to three of the inferred phylogenetic lineages of Mitridae s.s.; we redefine their contents, reinstate Strigatellinae Troschel, 1869 as valid and establish the new subfamily Isarinae. In the absence of molecular material, a sixth subfamily, Pleioptygmatinae, is included in Mitridae based on morphological considerations only. To resolve the polyphyly of Mitra and Cancilla in their current taxonomic extension, we reinstate the genera Episcomitra Monterosato, 1917, Isara H. & A. Adams, 1853 and Probata Sarasúa, 1989 and establish 11 new genera: Quasimitra, Roseomitra, Fusidomiporta, Profundimitra, Cancillopsis, Pseudonebularia, Gemmulimitra and Neotiara in Mitrinae; Imbricariopsis in Imbricariinae; Carinomitra and Condylomitra are left unassigned to a subfamily. Altogether 32 genera are recognized within the family. Their diversity and distribution are discussed, along with general trends in morphological evolution of the family.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOCAL, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, CONCALIS, CORAIL 2, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, SMIB 4, TARASOC, Tuhaa Pae 2013, ???msg.security.private???

KAVIENG 2014

The genus Conasprella Thiele, 1929 is the second largest in the family Conidae. It encompasses 161 described species that mainly occur at bathyal depths. Despite this relatively high species diversity, species delimitation and taxonomy of the genus have barely been addressed with molecular data. In the present study, we revisit species delimitation in the Indo-Pacific Conasprella orbignyi complex based on data from a previous study and substantial original data. Integrative taxonomy applied to a dataset comprising 82 specimens revealed ten putative species, and available names were assigned to seven of them. Two unnamed species are new and described here as Conasprella zinaidae Fedosov & Puillandre, n. sp. (represented by a single sequenced specimen from Papua New Guinea) and Conasprella emilieae Puillandre & Fedosov, n. sp. (represented by four sequenced specimens, all from Papua New Guinea). Some populations within the Conasprella orbignyi complex show weak genetic structure but unusually high morphological variation, which overlaps differences among genetically distinct species. This variation renders identification of both new species on conchological grounds problematic. Therefore, we provide DNA-based diagnoses for both new species to facilitate their identification in future studies.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, EBISCO, EXBODI, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, TERRASSES

Abstract The molluskan order Neogastropoda encompasses over 15,000 almost exclusively marine species playing important roles in benthic communities and in the economies of coastal countries. Neogastropoda underwent intensive cladogenesis in the early stages of diversification, generating a “bush” at the base of their evolutionary tree, which has been hard to resolve even with high throughput molecular data. In the present study to resolve the bush, we use a variety of phylogenetic inference methods and a comprehensive exon capture dataset of 1817 loci (79.6% data occupancy) comprising 112 taxa of 48 out of 60 Neogastropoda families. Our results show consistent topologies and high support in all analyses at (super)family level, supporting monophyly of Muricoidea, Mitroidea, Conoidea, and, with some reservations, Olivoidea and Buccinoidea. Volutoidea and Turbinelloidea as currently circumscribed are clearly paraphyletic. Despite our analyses consistently resolving most backbone nodes, 3 prove problematic: First, the uncertain placement of Cancellariidae, as the sister group to either a Ficoidea-Tonnoidea clade or to the rest of Neogastropoda, leaves monophyly of Neogastropoda unresolved. Second, relationships are contradictory at the base of the major “core Neogastropoda” grouping. Third, coalescence-based analyses reject monophyly of the Buccinoidea in relation to Vasidae. We analyzed phylogenetic signal of targeted loci in relation to potential biases, and we propose the most probable resolutions in the latter 2 recalcitrant nodes. The uncertain placement of Cancellariidae may be explained by orthology violations due to differential paralog loss shortly after the whole genome duplication, which should be resolved with a curated set of longer loci.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOMAGLO, BIOPAPUA, CORSICABENTHOS 1, DongSha 2014, EXBODI, ILES DU SALUT, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KARUBENTHOS 2, KAVIENG 2014, KOUMAC 2.1, KOUMAC 2.3, MADEEP, MADIBENTHOS, MAINBAZA, NanHai 2014, PAPUA NIUGINI, TAIWAN 2013, Tuhaa Pae 2013, ZhongSha 2015

A new genus and species of Fasciolariidae, Angulofusus nedae n. gen. n. sp. conchologically superficially resembling some Conoidea is described. Radula, anatomy and coloration of the body of the new species suggest that it belongs to subfamily Fusininae, being very similar in anatomy to species of the genus Amiantofusus. The species is broadly distributed in the Indo-Pacific, from the Philippines, through Vanuatu and New Caledonia to Wallis and Futuna in 40 to 105 m.

BATHUS 1, LAGON, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 7, PANGLAO 2004, SANTO 2006

In the present paper we describe the new genus Amiantofusus gen. nov. to accommodate the Atlantic species Fusus amiantus Dall, 1889. The genus belongs to Fasciolariidae and this family is confirmed as distinct from Buccinidae, based on anatomical differences. We add an Indo-West Pacific fauna of seven species described as new to science: miantofusus pacificus sp. nov. (North Fiji Basin, New Caledonia, southern Coral Sea, south West Pacific), A. gloriabundus sp. nov. (North Fiji Basin, Vitiaz Zone), A. sebalis sp. nov. (New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, Vanuatu), A. candoris sp. nov. (Chesterfield Islands, Fairway), A. maestratii sp. nov. (New Caledonia), A. borbonica sp. nov. (Reunion) and A. cartilago sp. nov. (Mozambique Channel). In addition we add two unnamed species: A. species 1 (North Fiji Basin) and A. species 2 (Vanuatu). Fusus thielei Schepman, 1911 is briefly discussed, the generic placement is still uncertain.

BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BERYX 11, ???msg.security.private???, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BORDAU 2, CHALCAL 2, CORAIL 2, EBISCO, HALIPRO 1, MD32 (REUNION), MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, ???msg.security.private???, SMIB 3, SMIB 4, SMIB 8, TAIWAN 2000, VOLSMAR

The superfamily Olivoidea is broadly distributed in the world’s oceans mostly in coastal waters at tropical and subtropical latitudes. It encompasses around 30 Recent genera and 460 species. Two families – Olividae and Olivellidae – are classically recognized within the superfamily. Their shell is very characteristic due to the presence of a modified callused anterior end and a fasciole. Prior to the present work, neither the monophyly of the superfamily nor the relationships among its genera had been tested with molecular phylogenetics. Four genetic markers [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S and 12S rRNA mitochondrial genes, and Histone 3 (H3) nuclear gene] were sequenced for 42 species in 14 genera. Additionally, 18 species were sequenced for COI only. The molecular dataset was supplemented by anatomical and radula data. Our analysis recovered, albeit with weak support, a monophyletic Olivoidea, which in turn includes with 100% support, in addition to traditional olivoideans, representatives of a paraphyletic Pseudolividae. The relationships between the former families and subfamilies are drastically revised and a new classification of the superfamily is here proposed, now including five families: Bellolividae fam. nov., Benthobiidae fam. nov., Olividae, Pseudolividae and Ancillariidae. Within Olividae four subfamilies are recognized, reflecting the high morphological disparity within the family: Olivinae, Olivellinae, Agaroniinae and Calyptolivinae subfam. nov. All the recent genera are discussed and reclassified based on molecular phylogeny and/or morphology and anatomy. The homology of different features of the shells is established for the first time throughout the superfamily, and a refined terminology is proposed. Based on a correlation between anatomical characteristics and shell features and observations of live animals, we make hypotheses on which part of the mantle is responsible for depositing which callused feature of the shell. Our results demonstrate that morphological data alone should be used with caution for phylogenetic reconstructions. For instance, the radula – that is otherwise considered to be of fundamental importance in the taxonomy of Neogastropoda – is extremely variable within the single family Olividae, with a range of variation larger than within the rest of the entire superfamily. In the refined classification, Pseudolividae are nested within Olivoidea, which is partially returning to ‘the roots’, that is to the classification of Thiele (1929).

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CONCALIS, ???msg.security.private???, EBISCO, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, ???msg.security.private???, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TARASOC, TERRASSES

In the course of preparation of a new molecular phylogeny of Conoidea based on exon-capture some new species and species with notable morphology were revealed. The taxonomy of these species is discussed and the radula of most of them illustrated for the first time. New genera are described: Comispira gen. nov. (Cochlespiridae), type species Leucosyrinx mai Li et Li, 2008; Pagodaturris gen. nov. (Clavatulidae), type species Pleurotoma molengraaffi Tesch, 1915. New species described: Comispira compta gen. et sp. nov., Sibogasyrinx sangeri sp. nov. (both Cochlespiridae), Pagodaturris philippinensis gen. et sp. nov. (Clavatulidae), Horaiclavus micans sp. nov., Iwaoa invenusta sp. nov. (both Horaiclavidae), Lucerapex cracens sp. nov., Lucerapex laevicarinatus sp. nov. (Turridae), Heteroturris kanacospira sp. nov. (Borsoniidae). Epideira Hedley, 1918 is reallocated from Pseudomelatomidae to Horaiclavidae. The radulae of Kuroshioturris nipponica (Shuto, 1961) (Turridae), Leucosyrinx verrillii (Dall, 1881), and Leucosyrinx luzonica (Powell, 1969) comb. nov. are illustrated for the first time.

AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, CEAMARC-AA, CONCALIS, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2, MADEEP, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, ZhongSha 2015

This contribution provides novel information on the anatomy, radula and phylogeny of several species of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006, a genus of Buccinoidea Rafinesque, 1815 with unclear affinities. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes of different representatives of Buccinoidea revealed close relationships of Phaenomenella with Siphonalia A. Adams, 1863 both taxa forming a clade with maximal support. The anatomy of two species of the latter genus was examined for the first time for comparative purposes. The subfamily Siphonaliinae Finlay, 1928 was erected for several Recent and fossil genera of Southern Hemisphere Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815, and is still recognized by current taxonomists (Bouchet et al. 2017). Species of all Recent genera of Siphonaliinae were included in our analysis and the monophyly of the subfamily Siphonaliinae in its original scope is rejected. Molecular and morphological data revealed two still unnamed species of Phaenomenella from the lower bathyal zone of the South China Sea. These species, Phaenomenella nicoi n. sp. and P. samadiae n. sp. are described in the present study.

AURORA 2007, DongSha 2014, NanHai 2014, ZhongSha 2015

A series of deep-sea expeditions in southeastern Australia has produced a considerable amount of conoidean (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) material suitable for molecular and morpho-anatomical study. Previous and ongoing studies have revealed the Raphitomidae to be particularly diverse in the deep waters of this region. Here, we continue our conoidean investigation, focussing on the genera Comispira (Cochlespiridae) and Leucosyrinx (Pseudomelatomidae). We subjected two cytochrome oxidase subunit DNA sequence datasets of Conoidea to Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), which recognised a total of 18 primary species hypotheses (PSHs) among our target genera as well as from the cochlespirid genera Sibogasyrinx and Aforia. Following additional evaluation of shell and radular features, as well as examination of geographic and bathymetric ranges (conducted for PSHs of Australian waters), eight of these PSHs were converted to secondary species hypotheses (SSHs). Of these, three SSHs (one Comispira species, two Leucosyrinx spp.) were recognised as new to science and their full systematic descriptions are provided herein. While we discuss the relatively low diversity of Cochlespiridae compared to most conoidean families, two Comispira species and one species of Aforia are here recorded for the first time from Australian waters.

GUYANE 2014, NanHai 2014

ABSTRACT The family Turridae, once considered to encompass the entire diversity of Conoidea, excluding only the cone shells (family Conidae) and the auger shells (family Terebridae), has undergone significant redefinition based on both morphological and molecular data. Prior to this study, it included 15 Recent genera, comprising 209 species. However, a recent comprehensive analysis of an extensive dataset featuring 3,159 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences has unveiled numerous species complexes, new species and previously undiscovered deep lineages. The newly proposed classification of Turridae based on an exon-capture phylogeny recognizes 24 clades, each worthy of genus rank, though only 13 of them had available names. As a result, 11 new genera have been described, namely Thielesyrinx n. gen., Shutogemmula n. gen., Mcleanigemmula n. gen., Pseudogemmula n. gen., Deceptigemmula n. gen., Oliveragemmula n. gen., Powelligemmula n. gen., Kilburnigemmula n. gen., Alisigemmula n. gen., Taylorigemmula n. gen. and Anisogemmula n. gen. With the exception of Thielesyrinx n. gen., species from all of these were previously classified within Gemmula, or Lophiotoma. Notably, some new genera, such as Deceptigemmula n. gen., Kilburnigemmula n. gen., Shutogemmula n. gen. and Taylorigemmula n. gen., cannot be morphologically differentiated, as similar species are found in other genera. Therefore, their distinction relies solely on molecular data. The name Eugemmula is re-instated from the synonymy of Gemmula. Purpuraturris is synonimized with Annulaturris, while Iotyrris with Xenuroturris. In total, we recognize 312 species/primary species hypotheses (PSHs) within the family. Molecular data were obtained for 212 species (among them 15 species complexes comprising in total 45 PSHs), mostly for the first time. A characteristic feature common to the entire family is the position of the relatively narrow anal sinus on the whorl periphery or immediately above it. Radula was examined in representatives of all genera. Although in several cases the radular morphology can aid genus differentiation (e.g. distinguishing Turris from Annulaturris), it is mostly a highly homoplastic structure, with very similar radular types occurring in distantly related genera.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOMAGLO, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, CONCALIS, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KOUMAC 2.1, MADEEP, MADIBENTHOS, MAINBAZA, MUSORSTOM 9, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PAKAIHI I TE MOANA, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, TAIWAN 2004, TAIWAN 2013, TARASOC, TERRASSES, ZhongSha 2015

A unique radular configuration for Conoidea, consisting of five teeth in a transverse row (acuspate platelike central and laterals, and duplex marginal teeth), was found in three species previously described in the genus Clavatula: C. delphinae, C. pseudomystica and C. christianae. Analysis of the COI gene demonstrated that they belong to the family Clavatulidae. Paraclavatula n. gen. is described. No similar radulae have been found previously among Conoidea and their morphology suggests that the presence of well-defined lateral teeth is more broadly distributed within Conoidea than previously anticipated. Based on radular morphology alone, it would not be possible to attribute the genus to any presently recognized family of Conoidea.

ATIMO VATAE, EBISCO, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2005, ???msg.security.private???, TAIWAN 2004

According to a recent taxonomic revision by Kantor et al. (2001), the neogastropod genus Exilia Conrad, 1860, comprises ten mostly rare species that live at depths between 200 and 2000 m. Adult Exilia measure between 30 and 90 mm in shell length, and the genus is mostly represented in museum collections by empty shells. The abundance of this genus is low in the wild, but recent expeditions organized by the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle have yielded several dozen specimens. These new collections include samples preserved for molecular studies. Here, we present the results of the first molecular systematic study of Exilia. Our aim was to investigate the species limits proposed by Kantor et al. (2001) on the basis of shell and anatomical characters. Analysis of DNA sequence data for the cytochrome c oxidase I gene suggests that Exilia hilgendorfi, previously considered to be a single, polymorphic and broadly distributed species, is a complex of at least six species (four of which we sequenced). Two of these species, Exilia cognata n. sp. and E. fedosovi n. sp., are described as new to science. Exilia gracilior, E. claydoni and E. prellei are resurrected from the synonymy of Exilia hilgendorfi; of these three, only the last was sequenced. Exilia vagrans is a welldefined taxon, but our molecular systematic data shows that it consists of two distinct species, which occur sympatrically off Taiwan and are strikingly similar in shell and radular morphology; due to the absence of DNA sequence data from the type locality of E. vagrans (Vanuatu), it is unclear to which of these two species the name would apply. Exilia karukera n. sp., which is conchologically very similar to E. vagrans, was discovered off Guadeloupe, represents the first record of the genus from the Atlantic. For E. elegans, which was previously known only from a single shell, we provide new data including new distributional records (South Africa and the Mozambique Channel), details of the radula and DNA sequence data.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BORDAU 2, CONCALIS, DongSha 2014, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KARUBENTHOS 2, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, TAIWAN 2013, TARASOC, TERRASSES

Abstract The superfamily Buccinoidea is distributed across the oceans of the world from the Arctic Ocean to the Antarctic and from intertidal to abyssal depths. It encompasses 3351 recent species in 337 genera. The latest taxonomic account recognized eight full families. For the first time, the monophyly of the superfamily and the relationships among the families are tested with molecular data supplemented by anatomical and radula data. Five genetic markers were used: fragments of mitochondrial COI, 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA and nuclear Histone 3 (H3) and 28S rRNA genes (for 225 species of 117 genera). Our analysis recovered Buccinoidea monophyletic in Bayesian analyses. The relationships between the formerly recognized families and subfamilies are drastically revised and a new classification of the superfamily is here proposed, now including 20 taxa of family rank and 23 subfamilies. Five new families (Chauvetiidae, Dolicholatiridae, Eosiphonidae, Prodotiidae and Retimohniidae) and one subfamily of Nassariidae (Tomliniinae) are described. Austrosiphonidae and Tudiclidae are resurrected from synonymy and employed in a new taxonomical extension. All but 40 recent genera are reclassified. Our results demonstrate that anatomy is rather uniform within the superfamily. With exceptions, the rather uniform radular morphology alone does not allow the allocation of genera to a particular family without additional molecular data.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, CEAMARC-AA, CHALCAL 2, CONCALIS, CORSICABENTHOS 1, ???msg.security.private???, ???msg.security.private???, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, GUYANE 2014, ILES DU SALUT, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVALAN 2018, KOUMAC 2.1, KOUMAC 2.3, MADIBENTHOS, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 4, ???msg.security.private???, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, ???msg.security.private???, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TAIWAN 2000, TAIWAN 2004, TARASOC, TERRASSES, Tuhaa Pae 2013, ???msg.security.private???, ZhongSha 2015

The anatomy of Ceratoxancus is characterized by a short or very short proboscis, the presence of an accessory sali vary gland, the ventral odontophoral retractor passing through the nerve ring, and the position of the buccal mass at the proboscis base in contracted condition. These characters are shared by other representatives of the subfamily and confirm the classification of Ceratoxancus in the Ptychatractinae, until now based on shell and radula characters. Ceratoxancus Kuroda, 1952, comprises six species of which four are described as new from the New Caledonia region in deep water (530-830 m). Ceratoxancus elongatus Sakurai, 1958, is removed from the synonymy of C. teramachii Kuroda, 1952, and both species are recorded from the south west Pacific. Species of Ceratoxancus with a long labral spine present numerous shell breakages, while toothless species have mu ch fewer scars, and it is hypothesized that the tooth and outer lip are used in prey capture with accompanying shell breakage.

BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BERYX 11, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, CHALCAL 2, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, SMIB 2, SMIB 3, SMIB 4, SMIB 8

The range of shell characters (overall shape, sculpture, columellar plaits, protoconchs) exhibited by fossil and Recent species placed in Exilia Conrad, 1860, Mitraefusus Bellardi, 1873, Mesorhytis Meek, 1876, Surculina Dall, 1908, Phenacoptygma Dall, 1918, Palaeorhaphis Stewart, 1927, Zexilia Finlay, 1926, Graphidula Stephenson, 1941, Benthovoluta Kuroda et Habe, 1950, and Chathamidia Dell, 1956 and the anatomy of the Recent species precludes separation of more than one genus. Consequently all of these nominal genera are synonymised with Exilia, with a stratigraphical range from Late Cretaceous to Recent. Anatomically, Exilia is similar to other ptychatractine genera, but is characterized by a stomach with a long, narrow caecum, a penis with terminal fold surrounding the seminal papilla, and a radula with rachidian teeth with broad lateral flaps. Recent species of Exilia are restricted to deep water at middle to low latitudes in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Exilia hilgendorfi (Martens, 1897) is treated as a species highly variable within its broad IndoPacific distribution, with Benthovoluta gracilior Rehder, 1967, B. claydoni Harasewych, 1987, and B. prellei Bozzetti, 200 I considered local variants. Three new species are described: Exilia graphiduloides sp. nov. (New Caledonia, 520 m), E. vagrans sp. nov. (West and SW Pacific, 865-1280 m), and E. kiwi sp. nov. (New Zealand, 1386-1676 m).

BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CHALCAL 2, CORAIL 2, HALIPRO 1, MD32 (REUNION), MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 2, MUSORSTOM 3, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8

The genus Belloliva (Gastropoda: Olividae) consists of small (<15 mm) operculate species and was hitherto thought to be essentially confined to coastal waters of southern and eastern Australia. We report a small radiation from deep water (100-1000 m) in the Coral Sea and New Caledonia, consisting essentially of undescribed species. The new genus Calyptoliva, which differs from Belloliva by the absence of a mantle filament and the presence of a mantle lobe, is also represented in the same area by new species. Based on correlation with shell characters, we suggest that the olivid mantle lobe is responsible for secreting the primary spire callus that overlies the suture, rather than producing the columellar callus as was previously believed (Marcus and Marcus 1959). Belloliva and Calyptoliva combine a suite of shell, radular, and anatomical characters that is shared with either the Olivinae or the Ancillariinae. This raises the question of the distinctiveness of the two classically recognized subfamilies within the family Olividae. All species have paucispiral protoconchs with inferred limited larval dispersal, and many have extremely narrow distributions, sometimes endemic to a single guyot, or they show discrete geographical differentiation. New species: Belloliva iota sp. nov., Belloliva alaos sp. nov., Belloliva apoma sp. nov., Belloliva ellenae sp. nov., Belloliva obeon sp. nov., Belloliva dorcas sp. nov., Calyptoliva bolis gen. nov., sp. nov., Calyptoliva amblys sp. nov., Calyptoliva tatyanae sp. nov.

BATHUS 1, BATHUS 4, BERYX 11, BIOCAL, CHALCAL 1, CORAIL 2, EBISCO, LAGON, LIFOU 2000, MONTROUZIER, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, NORFOLK 1, PALEO-SURPRISE, SMIB 5, SMIB 8

The state of the art of turrid (=Turridae s. l.) systematics is that shells- when they include the protoconch - are reliable species-level identifiers, but inadequate proxies for allocation to genera or subfamilies. Generally, the radula is used for allocation to a (sub)family, but the hypothesis that the radula is a more adequate proxy than the shell for relationships has not yet been tested by molecular data. Species of Xenuroturris may have drastically different radulae, with either "'semi-enrolled" or "duplex" marginal teeth, although their shells are very similar or even almost indistinguishable. Molecular data confirm that specimens with different types of radulae constitute different species, but two species of a pair with respectively semi-enrolled and duplex teeth end up being not closely related. However, it is still unresolved whether species with semi-enrolled (=Iotyrris) and duplex teeth (=Xenuroturris) form two supported monophyletic clades. Iotyrris devoizei n.sp. and I. musivum n.sp. are described from Vanuatu, where they occur sympatrically with I. cingulifera and Xenuroturris legitima.

LIFOU 2000, MONTROUZIER, PANGLAO 2004, SANTO 2006

The hyperdiverse group of venomous Conoidea has eluded attempts to construct a robust and stable classification owing to the absence of a robust and stable phylogenetic framework. New molecular data have greatly enhanced our understanding of conoidean evolution, allowing the construction of a new family-level classification. This expanding framework has also allowed the discovery of several independent lineages that merit recognition at familial rank. One of these, based on seven specimens collected over more than 20 years from deep waters off New Caledonia, represents a unique, monotypic lineage closely related to Mitromorphidae, which we here name as the new family Bouchetispiridae. This new lineage bears a unique combination of teleoconch, protoconch and anatomical characters previously unknown within the Conoidea, including a translucent, fusiform shell with sculpture of strong axial ribs crossed by spiral cords, a multispiral protoconch of only 2.5 whorls with punctate sculpture, hypodermic marginal teeth and a multilayered venom bulb with two layers of muscle separated by connective tissue. This lineage may represent the sole survivor of a previously more diverse clade, or is simply one of many unique taxa that have arisen among the isolated sea mounts off New Caledonia.

AURORA 2007, BIOCAL, EBISCO, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, TERRASSES

The anatomy and evolution of the radular apparatus in predatory marine gastropods of the superfamily Conoidea is reconstructed on the basis of a molecular phylogeny, based on three mitochondrial genes (COI, 12S and 16S) for 102 species. A unique feeding mechanism involving use of individual marginal radular teeth at the proboscis tip for stabbing and poisoning of prey is here assumed to appear at the earliest stages of evolution of the group. The initial major evolutionary event in Conoidea was the divergence to two main branches. One is characterized by mostly hypodermic marginal teeth and absence of an odontophore, while the other possesses a radula with primarily duplex marginal teeth, a strong subradular membrane and retains a fully functional odontophore. The radular types that have previously been considered most ancestral, “prototypic” for the group (flat marginal teeth; multicuspid lateral teeth of Drilliidae; solid recurved teeth of Pseudomelatoma and Duplicaria), were found to be derived conditions. Solid recurved teeth appeared twice, independently, in Conoidea – in Pseudomelatomidae and Terebridae. The Terebridae, the sister group of Turridae, are characterized by very high radular variability, and the transformation of the marginal radular teeth within this single clade repeats the evolution of the radular apparatus across the entire Conoidea.

AURORA 2007, BOA1, EBISCO, MUSORSTOM 4, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006

The new family Belomitridae is established for the deep-water buccinoid genus Belomitra P. Fischer, 1883, based on morphological (shell and radulae) and molecular evidence. The rachiglossate radula is uniquely characterized by a multicuspid rachidian and lateral teeth with very long narrow bases and two small cusps closer to tip. Molecular analysis of a reduced set of Buccinoidea did not resolve the group as a clade, but shows that Belomitridae forms a well supported clade within Buccinoidea. Species of Belomitra have adult sizes in the 7-53 mm range; they live in deep water, mostly in the 500-2,000 meters range, at low and mid latitudes. Eleven valid species described from the Indo-Pacific were originally named in the families Buccinidae, Columbellidae, Cancellariidae, Volutidae, and Turridae. Fourteen new species are described: Belomitra nesiotica n. sp. (Society Islands to Tonga and Fiji in 580-830 m), B. bouteti n. sp. (Society and Tuamotu Islands in 430-830 m), B. subula n. sp. (Solomon Islands to Vanuatu in 760-1110 m), B. caudata n. sp. (Sulu Sea in 2300 m), B. gymnobela n. sp. (South Pacific, eastern Indonesia and Philippines in 780-2040 m), B. hypsomitra n. sp. (Fiji in 392-407 m), B. brachymitra n. sp. (Fiji in 395-540 m), B. comitas n. sp. (Madagascar and Philippines in 1075-1110 m), B. minutula (Coral Sea in 490 m), B. granulata n. sp. (New Caledonia in 105-860 m), B. reticulata n. sp. (Tonga and Fiji to New Caledonia in 395-656 m), B. decapitata n. sp. (Indian Ocean and New Caledonia in 3680-4400 m), B. admete n. sp. (off Sri Lanka in 2540 m), and B. radula n. sp. (Madagascar in 367-488 m).

AURORA 2007, BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BENTHAUS, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BOA0, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CONCALIS, EBISCO, KARUBAR, LAGON, MAINBAZA, MD20 (SAFARI), MD28 (SAFARI II), MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 9, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 1, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, SMIB 3, SMIB 4, SMIB 8, TARASOC, TERRASSES, VAUBAN 1978-1979

Buccinidae—like other canivorous and predatory molluscs—are generally considered to be occasional visitors or rare colonizers in deep-sea biogenic habitats. However, casual observations during tropical deep-sea cruises suggest that associations between buccinids and sunken wood, in particular, are not fortuitous. Enigmatocolus monnieri has been found to co-occur in Madagascar with bathymodiolines, vesicomyids and solemyids, indicating the presence of seeps, and species of Thermosipho gen. Nov. Have been sampled by submersibles and remotely operated vehicles, exclusively from hydrothermal vents. A molecular phylogeny (based on CO1, 12S and 28S genes) reveals that buccinid genera potentially associated with sunken wood (Eosipho, Gaillea gen. Nov., Calagrassor gen. Nov., and Manaria) are closely related to taxa from vents (Thermosipho gen. Nov.) and seeps (Enigmaticolus). The anatomy of several dissected species did not reveal any special trait that could be interpreted as a special adaptation to biogenic substrates. Buccinids from sunken wood are most diverse in the Indo-Pacific centre of marine biodiversity, the ‘Coral Triangle’, at depths between 100 and 1000 m, with numerous species still undescribed.

AURORA 2007, MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 2, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006

Most neogastropod families have a continuous record from the Cretaceous or Paleogene to the Recent. However, the fossil record also contains a number of obscure nominal families with unusual shell characters that are not adequately placed in the current classification. Some of these are traditionally regarded as valid, and some have been “lost” in synonymy. One such “lost” family is the Pyramimitridae, established by Cossmann in 1901 for the Eocene genus Pyramimitra, and currently included in the synonymy of Buccinidae. Examination of several species of inconspicuous, small turriform gastropods has revealed a radula type so far unknown in Neogastropoda, and their shell characters identify them as members of the "extinct" family Pyramimitridae. Neither the radular morphology nor the anatomy reveal the relationships of this enigmatic, “living fossil” family. Molecular data (12S, 16S, 28S, COI) confirm the recognition of Pyramimitridae as a distinct family, but no sister group was identified in the analysis. The family Pyramimitridae Cossmann, 1901, is thus restored as a valid family of Neogastropoda that includes the genera Pyramimitra Conrad, 1865, Endiatoma Cossmann, 1896, Vaughanites Woodring, 1928, Hortia Lozouet, 1999, and Teremitra new genus. Pyramimitrids occur in the Recent fauna at bathyal depths of the Indo- Pacific from Taiwan to Madagascar and New Zealand, with three genera and nine species (all but one new).

ATIMO VATAE, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BIOPAPUA, EXBODI, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 1, SANTO 2006, TAIWAN 2004, TERRASSES

CEAMARC-AA

Five new species of Olivoidea are described based on molecular and morphological evidence: four shallow subtidal Ancilla from Madagascar and Papua New Guinea, and one deep water (500-600 m) Calyptoliva from the Tuamotus. The sympatric – but not syntopic - Ancilla morrisoni and A. kaviengensis, from New Ireland province, are morphologically cryptic, differing mostly in shell colour, but are molecularly distinct. The sympatric – and possibly syntopic – Ancilla atimovatae and A. lhaumeti, belong to a species flock from southernmost Madagascar; A. atimovatae is conchologically nearly indistinguishable from A. ventricosa, but differs markedly in radular morphology. Calyptoliva was previously known only from the Coral Sea; C. bbugae is the first representative of the genus to yield molecular data. The new Ancilla are described based on sequenced holotypes; the type material of the new Calyptoliva includes a sequenced paratype.

ATIMO VATAE, CONCALIS, EXBODI, KAVIENG 2014, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, TARASOC

Crassispira cerithina (Anton, 1838) is a common shallow water conoidean gastropod species, broadly distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific. It has a distinctive shell morphology and has been referred to in many publications. It is also the first species of its family to have been studied from the viewpoint of toxinology. However, our molecular phylogenetic analysis based on fragments of the COI and 28 S rRNA genes reveals the existence of two closely related distinct species, one of which is described as new (C. scala n. sp.). These two species are sympatric in several regions of the Indo-Pacific—in the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. They can be reliably distinguished by shell morphology and thus cannot be considered truly cryptic species. The radula is very similar in both species and does not permit species delimitation. A conchological reappraisal of further material similar to C. cerithina allows us to recognize two additional species, which are described as new (C. procera n. sp. from the Coral Sea and Philippines, and C. aurea n. sp. from Tahiti). These results demonstrate that even ‘well-known’ and seemingly well defined species may be species complexes and that molecular techniques should be routinely applied to confirm specimen identification, especially as part of resource-consuming studies, such as toxinology.

CORAIL 2, KAVIENG 2014, LAGON, PAPUA NIUGINI

The genus Pseudolatirus Bellardi, 1884, with the Miocene type species Fusus bilineatus Hörnes, 1853, has been used for 13 Miocene to Early Pleistocene fossil species and eight Recent species and has traditionally been placed in the fasciolariid subfamily Peristerniinae Tryon, 1880. Although the fossil species are apparently peristerniines, the Recent species were in their majority suspected to be most closely related to Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe, 1954 in the subfamily Fusininae Wrigley, 1927. Their close affinity was confirmed by the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Couto et al. (2016). In the molecular phylogenetic section we present a more detailed analysis of the relationships of 10 Recent Pseudolatirus-like species, erect two new fusinine genera, Okutanius gen. nov. (type species Fusolatirus kuroseanus Okutani, 1975) and Vermeijius gen. nov. (type species Pseudolatirus pallidus Kuroda & Habe, 1961). Five species are described as new for science, three of them are based on sequenced specimens (Granulifusus annae sp. nov., G. norfolkensis sp. nov., Okutanius ellenae gen. et sp. nov.) and two (G. tatianae sp. nov., G. guidoi sp. nov.) are attributed to Granulifusus on the basis of conchological similarities to sequenced species. New data on radular morphology is presented for examined species.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BATHUS 4, BERYX 11, BIOCAL, BIOGEOCAL, BORDAU 1, BORDAU 2, CHALCAL 2, CONCALIS, ???msg.security.private???, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, EXBODI, GEMINI, GUYANE 2014, HALICAL 1, HALIPRO 1, KANACONO, KARUBAR, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, LAGON, LIFOU 2000, LITHIST, MADEEP, MD32 (REUNION), MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 10, MUSORSTOM 2, MUSORSTOM 3, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 7, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 1, NanHai 2014, PAKAIHI I TE MOANA, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 1, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006, SMIB 2, SMIB 3, SMIB 4, SMIB 5, SMIB 6, SMIB 8, TAIWAN 2000, TARASOC, TERRASSES, VAUBAN 1978-1979, VOLSMAR, ???msg.security.private???

The abyssal and hadal Buccinoidea from the north-western Pacific formerly attributed to the genera Tacita and Calliloncha were analyzed for the first time using both multilocus molecular and morphological data. The results allow re-evaluation of the inter- and intrageneric variability of morphological characters and demonstrate that Tacita, Calliloncha and Paracalliloncha are synonyms of Bayerius, a genus widely distributed in the Pacific Ocean. In our reconstructed phylogeny the genus forms a maximally supported clade with Pararetifusus tenuis and Turrisipho dalli. At present, Bayerius includes 10 species, two of which are described herein as new to science, B. inflatus sp. nov. and B. nekrasovorum sp. nov. with one additional undescribed species represented in our material by a single specimen. The genus is reviewed, with the addition of new data on anatomy and distribution, based on newly obtained material. B. peruvianus is synonymized with B. zenkewitchi. Calliloncha nankaiensis together with Costaria crosnieri are attributed to a new genus, Warenius gen. nov., which clusters with several genera of Buccinoidea from biogenic substrata.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, KARUBENTHOS 2012, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, TAIWAN 2004, ZhongSha 2015

In the ancillariid genus Amalda, the shell is character rich and 96 described species are currently treated as valid. Based on shell morphology, several subspecies have been recognized within Amalda hilgendorfi, with a combined range extending at depths of 150–750 m from Japan to the South-West Pacific. A molecular analysis of 78 specimens from throughout this range shows both a weak geographical structuring and evidence of gene flow at the regional scale. We conclude that recognition of subspecies (richeri Kilburn & Bouchet, 1988, herlaari van Pel, 1989, and vezzaroi Cossignani, 2015) within A. hilgendorfi is not justified. By contrast, hilgendorfi-like specimens from the Mozambique Channel and New Caledonia are molecularly segregated, and so are here described as new, as Amalda miriky sp. nov. and A. cacao sp. nov., respectively. The New Caledonia Amalda montrouzieri complex is shown to include at least three molecularly separable species, including A. allaryi and A. alabaster sp. nov. Molecular data also confirm the validity of the New Caledonia endemics Amalda aureomarginata, A. fuscolingua, A. bellonarum, and A. coriolis. The existence of narrow range endemics suggests that the species limits of Amalda with broad distributions, extending, e.g., from Japan to Taiwan (A. hinomotoensis) or even Indonesia, the Strait of Malacca, Vietnam and the China Sea (A. mamillata) should be taken with caution.

ATIMO VATAE, BATHUS 1, BATHUS 2, BATHUS 3, BIOCAL, BIOPAPUA, CHALCAL 1, CONCALIS, EBISCO, EXBODI, HALIPRO 1, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, LAGON, MADEEP, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, NORFOLK 1, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, ???msg.security.private???, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, SMIB 1, SMIB 2, SMIB 3, SMIB 4, SMIB 5, SMIB 8, TERRASSES, VAUBAN 1978-1979, ???msg.security.private???, ZhongSha 2015

The genus Sibogasyrinx has to date included only four species of rare deep-water Conoidea, each known from few specimens. In shell characters it strongly resembles three distantly-related genera, two of which, Comitas and Leucosyrinx, belong to a different family, the Pseudomelatomidae. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of a large amount of material of Conoidea has revealed the existence of much additional undescribed diversity within Sibogasyrinx from the central Indo-Pacific and temperate Northern Pacific. Based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and morphological characters of 54 specimens, 10 species hypotheses are proposed, of which six are described as new species: S. subula sp. nov., S. lolae sp. nov., S. maximei sp. nov., S. clausura sp. nov., S. pagodiformis sp. nov. and S. elbakyanae Kantor, Puillandre & Bouchet sp. nov. One of the previously described species was absent in our material. Most of the new species are very similar and are compared to Leucosyrinx spp. Species of Sibogasyrinx are unique among Conoidea on account of the high intrageneric variability in radular morphology. Three distinct radula types are found within Sibogasyrinx, two of which are confined to highly supported subclades.

AURORA 2007, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, KANADEEP, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MIRIKY, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TERRASSES

The new replacement name Takashius nom. nov. is proposed to solve the homonymy between the fasciolariid genus Okutanius Kantor et al., 2018 and the hymenopteran genus Okutanius D.R. Smith, 1981.

KANACONO

Species of the genus Clavus of the conoidean family Drilliidae that occur in the littoral and shallow waters of New Caledonia are here revised. This study is based primarily on recent expedition material from the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (New Caledonia) and Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France). A total of 22 species is recorded, of which eight are described as new. New species: Clavus boucheti, Clavus delphineae, Clavus virginieae, Clavus picoides, Clavus squamiferus, Clavus devexistriatus, Clavus hylikos, Clavus maestratii; New synonyms: Tylotiella Habe, 1958 = Clavus; Clavus leforestieri Hervier, 1896 = Pleurotoma obliquicostata Reeve, 1845; Pleurotoma mariei Crosse, 1869 = Pleurotoma lamberti Montrouzier, 1860; Clavus mighelsi Kay, 1979, new name for Pleurotoma acuminata Mighels, 1845, non J. Sowerby, 1816, was misidentified by Kay 1979; the lectotype of P. acuminata Mighels, 1845, is mangeliine. Clavus mighelsi sensu Kay 1979, is a synonym of Pleurotoma humilis E. A. Smith, 1879. It is suggested that Pleurotoma pulchella Reeve, 1845, sometimes treated as an Indo-Pacific species, may be a senior synonym of Fenimorea halidorema Schwengel, 1940, from the tropical western Atlantic. Nomen dubium: Pleurotoma mediocris Deshayes, 1863.

CHALCAL 1, CORAIL 2, LAGON, MONTROUZIER, MUSORSTOM 5, MUSORSTOM 6, PALEO-SURPRISE, PANGLAO 2004, ???msg.security.private???, SANTO 2006

KANACONO

The superfamily Conoidea is one of the most speciose groups of marine mollusks, with estimates of about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and 4000 named living species. Previous classifications were based on shell and anatomical characters, and clades and phylogenetic relationships are far from well assessed. Based on a dataset of ca. 100 terminal taxa belonging to 57 genera, information provided by fragments of one mitochondrial (COI) and three nuclear (28S, 18S and H3) genes is used to infer the first molecular phylogeny of this group. Analyses are performed on each gene independently as well as for a data matrix where all genes are concatenated, using Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Several well-supported clades are defined and are only partly identifiable to currently recognized families and subfamilies. The nested sampling used in our study allows a discussion of the classification at various taxonomical levels, and several genera, subfamilies and families are found polyphyletic.

BOA1, EBISCO, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006

During a broad molecular taxonomic and phylogenetic survey of the gastropod superfamily Conoidea, 80 specimens of several species of the genus Gemmuloborsonia were sequenced for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. The genus, originally established for fossil species from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Philippines, now includes living species from bathyal depths of the Indo-Pacific Oceans. The molecular data demonstrated the presence of five separate entities, while only four ‘morphospecies’ could be isolated by visual examination. The two largest groups, representing separate species from the molecular data, were impossible to distinguish with certainty using shell or anatomical characters. To examine shell morphology in more detail the shape of the last whorl was analysed by Fourier analysis, and the Fourier coordinates were used in canonical variate analysis. The majority of the specimens were separated into two groups, but 21.6% of the specimens were impossible to distinguish by morphological characters. One of these two forms was attributed to the known species Gemmuloborsonia moosai Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996, while the other is described as a new species Gemmuloborsonia clandestina. Bathytoma colorata Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 is transferred to Gemmuloborsonia on the basis of molecular analysis and radular morphology. Another species, represented in our material by a single specimen, remains undescribed.

AURORA 2007, CHALCAL 2, EBISCO, KARUBAR, MUSORSTOM 8, NORFOLK 2, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3

The superfamily Conoidea constitutes one of the most diverse and taxonomically challenging groups among marine molluscs. Classifications based on shell or radular characters are highly contradictory and disputed. Whereas the monophyly of the Conidae and Terebridae has not been challenged, the other constituents of the superfamily are placed in a 'trash' group, the turrids, the non-monophyly of which has been demonstrated by anatomical and molecular evidence. We present here a new molecular phylogeny based on a total of 102 conoidean genera (87 'turrids', 5 cones and 10 terebrids) and three mitochondrial genes [cytochrome oxidase I (COI), 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA]. The resulting tree recognizes 14 clades. When the Conidae (Conus s.l.) and Terebridae are ranked as families for consistency of usage, the 'turrids' must be split into 12 families of comparable rank. A new genus-level classification of the Conoidea is published in an accompanying paper.

AURORA 2007, BOA1, EBISCO, MUSORSTOM 4, NORFOLK 2, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, SALOMON 2, SANTO 2006

AURORA 2007, INHACA 2011, KAVIENG 2014, PANGLAO 2004, PAPUA NIUGINI, SANTO 2006

The genus Clea from SE Asia is from one of only two unrelated families among the megadiverse predatory marine Neogastropoda to have successfully conquered continental waters. While little is known about their anatomy, life history and ecology, interest has grown exponentially in recent years owing to their increasing popularity as aquarium pets. However, the systematic affinities of the genus and the validity of the included species have not been robustly explored. Differences in shell, operculum and radula characters support separation of Clea as presently defined into two distinct genera: Clea, for the type species Clea nigricans and its allies, and Anentome for Clea helena and allies. A five-gene mitochondrial (COI, 16S, 12S) and nuclear (H3, 28S) gene dataset confirms the placement of Anentome as a somewhat isolated offshoot of the family Nassariidae and sister to the estuarine Nassodonta. Anatomical data corroborate this grouping and, in conjunction with their phylogenetic placement, support their recognition as a new subfamily, the Anentominae. The assassin snail Anentome helena, a popular import through the aquarium trade so named for their voracious appetite for other snails, is found to comprise a complex of at least four species. None of these likely represents true Anentome helena described from Java, including a specimen purchased through the aquarium trade under this name in the US and one that was recently found introduced in Singapore, both of which were supported as conspecific with a species from Thailand. The introduction of Anentome “helena” through the aquarium trade constitutes a significant threat to native aquatic snail faunas which are often already highly imperiled. Comprehensive systematic revision of this previously unrecognized species complex is urgently needed to facilitate communication and manage this emerging threat.

ATIMO VATAE, BIOPAPUA, EXBODI, INHACA 2011, KARUBENTHOS 2012, MAINBAZA, PANGLAO 2004, ???msg.security.private???, SANTO 2006

Abstract The practice of species delimitation using molecular data commonly leads to the revealing of species complexes and an increase in the number of delimited species. In a few instances, however, DNA-based taxonomy has led to lumping together of previously described species. Here, we delimit species in the genus Cryptogemma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae), a group of deep-sea snails with a wide geographical distribution, primarily by using the mitochondrial COI gene. Three approaches of species delimitation (ABGD, mPTP and GMYC) were applied to define species partitions. All approaches resulted in eight species. According to previous taxonomic studies and shell morphology, 23 available names potentially apply to the eight Cryptogemma species that were recognized herein. Shell morphometrics, radular characters and geographical and bathymetric distributions were used to link type specimens to these delimited species. In all, 23 of these available names are here attributed to seven species, resulting in 16 synonymizations, and one species is described as new: Cryptogemma powelli sp. nov. We discuss the possible reasons underlying the apparent overdescription of species within Cryptogemma, which is shown here to constitute a rare case of DNA-based species lumping in the hyper-diversified superfamily Conoidea.

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOMAGLO, BIOPAPUA, CONCALIS, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KAVIENG 2014, MADEEP, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PANGLAO 2004, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, TAIWAN 2013, TARASOC, TERRASSES, ZhongSha 2015

ATIMO VATAE, AURORA 2007, BIOMAGLO, BIOPAPUA, BOA1, CONCALIS, CORSICABENTHOS 1, DongSha 2014, EBISCO, EXBODI, GUYANE 2014, INHACA 2011, KANACONO, KANADEEP, KARUBENTHOS 2, KARUBENTHOS 2012, KAVIENG 2014, KOUMAC 2.1, KOUMAC 2.3, MADEEP, MADIBENTHOS, MAINBAZA, MIRIKY, MUSORSTOM 9, NORFOLK 2, NanHai 2014, PAKAIHI I TE MOANA, PANGLAO 2004, PANGLAO 2005, PAPUA NIUGINI, SALOMON 2, SALOMONBOA 3, SANTO 2006, TAIWAN 2004, TAIWAN 2013, TARASOC, TERRASSES, ZhongSha 2015