Campagne CEAMARC-AA
Informations générales
Objectifs :
The CEAMARC sampling involved Australia’s Antarctic research vessel Aurora Australis (V3), the Umitaka Maru of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, and the French resupply vessel l’Astrolabe. The Aurora Australis survey focused mainly on benthic and demersal sampling, plus a physical-chemical oceanographic survey in support of the IPY project Climate of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean (CASO) during December 2007 to January 2008. L’Astrolabe conducted an inshore plankton and oceanographic survey in January 2008. Umitaka Maru conducted a comprehensive survey of the epi-, meso- and bathypelagic zones in February 2008 on and north of the continental shelf. The objectives for the CEAMARC V3 survey on Aurora Australis were as follows:
1. To collect biological samples and underwater video records of the seabed to document the fauna and communities associated with representative habitats.
2. To collect data on water properties and currents to document theoceanographic environment of the survey area.
3. To acquire sidescan data and sediments to describe the substrate types and environment of deposition for the various seabed habitats.
Once on the Antarctic shelf, the CEAMARC V3 survey sampled the demersal fish and benthic biota of the continental shelf and slope, between 138 and 146°E longitude (Fig. 1.6). Various sampling gear, such as beam trawls, benthic sleds and sediment grabs, were used. In addition, sidescan sonar, underwater video and still images assisted with the classification of the sea floor and benthic communities, and to collect images of organisms that are poorly sampled or damaged by traditional sampling. Of particular interest were the effects of iceberg gouging on benthic communities and how they respond to this disturbance. This report is a compilation of the Geoscience Australia input to the CEAMARC V3 expedition on Aurora Australis. Each chapter describes the basic purpose of each sampling technique for the equipment supplied by Geoscience Australia, the locations of sample sites, and any metadata.
Reference:
BEAMAN, Robin J. et O'BRIEN, Philip E. Collaborative East Antarctic Marine Census (CEAMARC): Post-survey Report, RSV Aurora Australis Voyage 3, December 2007-January 2008. Geoscience Australia, 2009.
Contexte scientifique :
The polar regions are experiencing greater rates of climate change than elsewhere on the planet (IPCC, 2007). The biota of the polar regions is uniquely adapted to the extreme environments in which they exist and may be vulnerable to shifts in climate. Thus there is an urgent need to identify and establish the state of the various communities in the Antarctic, at all levels from viruses through to vertebrates, and in particular their diversity, so that we can understand the effects of climate change and natural variability on the ecosystems of the region (Hosie et al., 2007). The Antarctic region is expected to be particularly vulnerable to global warming, through the reduction in sea ice and decline in sea ice biota, conditions favouring warm temperature species and permitting invasive species, as well as increased CO2 leading to ocean acidification, increased UV exposure, and possible effects of harvesting impacts (Ingolfsson et al., 2003; IPCC, 2007; Trathan et al., 2007). Although there have been numerous biological surveys around Antarctica, especially in the last two decades, our current knowledge of Antarctica’s marine biodiversity is still patchy. For the most part almost nothing is known about the mesopelagic, bathy/abysso-pelagic and benthic biota of the continental slope and deep-sea abyssal plains, or about the biota associated with hot vents, cold seeps, and seamounts (Hosie et al., 2007).
The Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML; www.caml.aq) seeks to rectify this by studying the evolution of life in Antarctic waters to determine how this has influenced the diversity of the present biota and to use these observations to predict how it might respond to future change. It is a five year project that will focus the attention of the public on the icebound oceans of Antarctica, reaching its peak of activity during the International Polar Year (IPY; www.ipy.org) in 2007/08. CAML is investigating the distribution and abundance of Antarctica’s vast marine biodiversity to develop a benchmark for the benefit of humankind. For example, it will study how Antarctica is affected by climate change, and how change will alter the nature of the ecosystem services currently provided by the Southern Ocean for the benefit of humankind, such as food and biological products, and atmospheric carbon absorption.
CAML aims to show what is known, unknown and unknowable about the Southern Ocean. The project will integrate knowledge across all regions, biomes, habitats and fields of study to strengthen our knowledge of ecosystem dynamics in this high-latitude, oceanic system. Only through a multi-scale level of investigation will a better understanding of the diversity and status of Antarctica’s marine life be obtained. CAML will provide a robust benchmark for tracking future change in the Antarctic marine environment. With reference to earlier ‘Discovery’ voyages, some assessment can be made of faunal changes occurring over the past 60 to 70 years. CAML will therefore provide legacy sites for future comparability studies. It will employ modern genomic scientific techniques and contribute to the Barcode of Life Initiative (BOLI; www.dnabarcodes.org/), as well as
integrating with other Census of Marine Life (CoML; www.coml.org) projects. In particular, CAML will interact very strongly with the Arctic Census of Marine Life (ArcCoML; www.arcodiv.org), drawing comparisons between differences in
ecological structure and dynamics between the Arctic and Southern Oceans.
The key focus of CAML is the major ship-based research program during the austral summer of 2007-2008. Scientists from about 30 countries and 50 institutions on 14 research vessels are conducting various surveys around Antarctica in support of CAML, either as individual national projects or through consortia of nations. Some projects will also be conducted on tourist vessels. CAML is potentially the largest survey of the Antarctic marine biodiversity ever conducted.
Reference:
BEAMAN, Robin J. et O'BRIEN, Philip E. Collaborative East Antarctic Marine Census (CEAMARC): Post-survey Report, RSV Aurora Australis Voyage 3, December 2007-January 2008. Geoscience Australia, 2009.
Résumé :
Résultats-Valorisation :
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